問題一覧
1
What are the two divisions of the PNS
Sensory (Afferent) Nerves, Motor (Efferent) Nerves
2
What does the Somatic system innervate?
Skeletal muscle
3
Select the 3 that the autonomic system innervates
Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, Glands
4
What is the autonomic system divided into?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
5
The nervous system consists of a vast number of called called what?
Neurons
6
What does each neutron consist of and process? (select 3)
Cell body, Axon, Dendrites
7
In a neutron, what is the special type of connective tissue that supports it called?
neuralgia, dendrite
8
What matter to the cell bodies of neurons form?
Grey
9
What are cell bodies outside the CNS called?
Ganglia
10
Dendrites are nerve fibres that carry impulses in what direction of the cell body?
Towards
11
In what direction do axons carry impulses to the cell body
Away
12
What provides structural support for cells in the nervous system?
Neuroglia
13
What creates a blood-brain barrier, restricting movement of the substances between the blood and tissue fluids within the CNS
Neuroglia
14
What are the four main parts of the brain?
Cerebrum, Brainstem, Cerebellum, Diencephalon
15
What is the function of the cerebrum?
Complex functions such as memory, Perception of sensory information, Muscular movements, Right controls left side of body and left controls right side of body
16
What lies within the Diencephalon?
Thalamus, Hypothalamus
17
What does the thalamus do?
Interprets sensory input- temperature , pain; pressure and touch
18
What does the hypothalamus do?’
Controls and integrates autonomic nervous system, controls body temperature , regulates food intake, thirst and hunger, regulates behavioural patterns and circadian rhythms
19
Where does the cerebellum sit?
Posterior to the medulla
20
What does the cerebellum do?
Co-ordinates complex and skilled movements, Regulates posture and balance
21
What does the brainstem consist of?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
22
What does the brainstem connect to the remainder of the brain?
spinal cord
23
Select all that are correct about the brainstem (select 4)
Contains ascending and descending nerve tracts, Joins lower brainstem with upper brain, Visual reflex centre and part of the auditory pathway, controls and coordinates movement particular or the eye
24
Which area of the brain controls rate and length of respiration?
pons
25
Where do most motor nerves cross over?
Medulla
26
Where is the reflex centre that controls swallowing, gagging and coughing?
Medulla
27
Which part of the brain contains centres to manage heart rate, blood pressure and breathing?
Medulla
28
What is the cerebral aterial circle supplying the greater part of the brain called?
Circle of Willis
29
From outside to in, what is the order of the meninges?
Duramater, Arachnoid mater, Pia Mater
30
Where is CSF located within the brain?
subarachnoid space
31
How much CSF is in the nervous system?
120ml
32
How much CSF is provided DAILY?
720ml
33
What does CSF contain?
White blood cells
34
How many bones are in the spinal column?
33
35
What classification are the bones in the vertebrae?
Irregular
36
Average circumference of spinal cord?
12mm
37
Where does the spinal cord terminate?
L2
38
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
39
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
fight or flight
40
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
rest and digest
41
Does sympathetic or parasympathetic cause dilation of pupils?
sympathetic
42
What inhibits peristalsis?
Sympathetic
43
What stimulates peristalsis?
Parasympathetic
44
If the heart rate increased and resp rate increases, which part of the nervous system has made this happen?
sympathetic
45
What transports lymph in the lymphatic system?
insterstitial fluid
46
What do organs and tissues create in the lymphatic system?
lymphocytes
47
What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?
Drain excess interstitial fluid, transport data and data soluble vitamins from the GI tract, Mount an immune response to destroy foreign cells
48
How is lymph transported?
vessels, capillaries
49
Are lymphatic veins thicker or thinner than normal veins?
Thinner with more valves
50
What do B cells do in lymphatic system?
Release antibodies that can bind to a specific antigen and disable it
51
What do T- cells do in lymphatic system?
Tackle antigens and remember the cells
52
How much does skin weigh?
5kg
53
Which part of the skin preorder fibrous protein called Keratin?
Epidermis
54
What percentage of Epidermis cells are Keratinocytes?
90%
55
What percentage of the epidermis is Melanocytes?
8%
56
How long does it take for a cell starting at the lowest later of the epidermis to become a keratinocyte and migrate up to the top layer and slough off?
2-3 weeks
57
Which part of the skin is divided into two regions, the papillary and reticular regions?
Dermis
58
how much of the dermis does the reticular region make up?
80%
59
Which part of the skin contains subcutaneous fat, connective tissue, sweat glands, muscle and bone?
Hypodermis
60
What percent epidermal thickness do children have?
60%
61
Which of the following are functions of the urinary system?
Regulation of blood volume and composition, Regulation of blood pressure, Glucose synthesis , Excretion of waste products in urine
62
The right kidney is lower than the left to accommodate the liver
True
63
How much of the resting cardiac output via the renal arteries do the kidneys receive?
25%
64
What is the functional unit of the kidneys called?
Nephron
65
How many sections is the renal tubule split into?
3
66
Where is a further 15% or water, together with quantities of solutes such as potassium, sodium, calcium, bicarbonate and chloride reabsorbed
Loop of Henle
67
How long is the males urethra?
18-20cm
68
The endocrine…
Releases chemical substances directly into bloodstream or tissues of the body
69
Exocrine…
Releases chemical substances through ducts to outside the body or onto another surface within the body
70
The endocrine system is a collection of glands located throughout the body
True
71
Which gland stimulates the adrenal cortex and the release of cortisol during the stress response?
Pituitary
72
Which gland is responsible for regulating metabolism
Thyroid
73
What gland is responsible for controlling calcium levels
Parathyroid
74
Does insulin increase or reduce blood glucose
Reduce
75
What is the function of the reticuaris in the adrenal gland?
secretes sex steroids such as oestrogen , progesterone and androgen
76
what is the vascular membrane called that covers bone?
periosteum
77
What type of bone is the humerus?
long bone
78
What type of bone are the phalanges?
long bone
79
What type of bones are tarsals and carpals?
short bones
80
what type of bone is the cranium?
flat bone
81
what type of bone is the patella?
sesamoid
82
what type of bone is the spinal vertebrae?
irregular bone
83
what type of joints are the joints between the bones of the skull (sutures)
fibrous
84
Where will cartilaginous joints be located?
dump his pubis and joints between vertebral bodies
85
synovial joints have characteristic features that enable a wide range of movements , true or false?
true
86
How long is the vagina?
10cm
87
At stage 2 of syphilis, how long after infection do secondary lesions appear?
3-4 months
88
How long after HIV infection do most people experience a short flu-like illness?
2-6 weeks
89
Pelvic inflammatory disease mostly affects sexually active women aged what?
15-24
90
Ovarian torsion is strongly associated with ovarian cysts of around what size or more?
5cm
91
Over what age is torsion of the testes uncommon?
25