問題一覧
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Is a natural science which explores natural language
linguistics
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They investigate language by observing gathering and analyzing how humans use language in the same way that a scientist uses scientific method to gather and analyze observable data. The study of language is many faceted thuw there are several linguistic sub fields
linguist
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Noam chomsky formed
linguistic theory that describe language as having a grammar that is largely independent of language use
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It is the study of sounds
phonetics
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It is the study of how sounds are strong together
phonology
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Morphology
the formulation of words
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Syntax
the structure of phrases
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The construct of meaning
semantics
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Language acquisition
How one learns her native language as well as foreign languages
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The study of human speech sounds
phonetics
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How speech sounds are produced by the human vocal apparatus
articulatory phonetics
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Transmission and physical properties of speech sounds
acoustic phonetics
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The perception of speech sounds
auditory phonetics
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Is how speech sounds are organized and affect one another in pronunciation and deals with the system and pattern of sounds which exist within a particular language and looks at the vowels consonants and suprasegmental features of the language like stress and intonation
phonology
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A small number of regularly used sounds like towels and consonants are called
phonemes
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Is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language
phonemes
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How sounds function within languages and how they combine to create meaning and how they vary across different languages and dialects
segmental phonology
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Cues that help listeners to interpret meaning and tension and emotional thought it influence of how information is processed contributing to the overall fluency and naturalness of speech
suprasegmental elements
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Suprasegmental elements
word stress, sentence stress, intonation, tone, rhythm, pausing
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The phonemic system described for rp contains
phonemes
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The best known system
international phonetic alphabet
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International phonetic alphabet has been developing since
z 888
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The art of reducing speech to writing
transcription
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Refers to the variety of language which is different from others no just in pronunciation but also in such matters as vocabulary grammar and word order
dialect
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Pronunciation differences only
accent
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A language is not just words. It's culture a tradition a unification of a community a whole history that creates what a community is. It's all embodied in a language
noam chomsky
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Historical linguistics
finding the roots of and connection between languages
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Socio linguistics
focus on language in society language change or language planning and how construct influence language
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Is the study of the relationship between the mind and language
cognitive linguistic
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The study of how humans perform language
psycholinguistics
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How many languages are spoken in the world today
between 5,000 and 6,000 languages
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Grammar
is a mental representation of the rules which govern any given language and this rules do not distinguish between what is right or wrong correct or incorrect but provide a structure a scaffolding upon which to build the grammatical structure
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Descriptive grammar
describes the mental rules of a language which govern linguistic behavior that can be observed and it it does not describe what is right or wrong but describe what is
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Prescriptive grammar
is one that gives hard and fast rule about what is right or grammatical and what is wrong or ungrammatical and often with advice about what not to say but with little explanation
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Study of pronunciation of two fields
phonetics and phonology
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The study of phonology of english looks at the
vowels consonants and suprasegmental features of the language like stress or intonation
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The best known system
the international phonetic alphabet
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When to teach pronunciation
•designated class time •as it comes up
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What is the teacher's goal
use explicit instruction in teaching pronunciation and raising awareness of virus sounds and sounds pattern and practice sounds patterns towards the students
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What is the pronunciation issues
native language transfer, learner motivation, age and aptitude, accent identity
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How to address issues within pronunciation
accent exposure, rough tune your speech, encourage students to practice, exploit knowledge and address areas of their difficulty
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Another way of the teacher's goals
present:raise students awareness, practice: engage in controlled practice, production: produce language in a more communicative less controlled manner
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Inventory of vowel and consonant sounds
segmentals
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Sound produced with the flow of air from the lungs is not black and the vocal cords are vibrating
vowel
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Sounds made by blocking the air flow coming from the lungs
consonants
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A individual sounds
phoneme
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A consonant combination
consonant clusters
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Combination of two vowel sounds put together
diphthong
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Initial approach is
to develop muscle memory
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Teach mechanics of articulation is
to teach the students what their lips tang joe faith and air flow are doing in order to produce sound
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Give teaching techniques
tongue twisters, song, poems
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Use the internet the board a sagittal diagram mirrors speakers recordings
teaching aids
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A pair of words that differ by only one sound
minimal pairs
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There is vibration in your throat and you can hear the sound
voiced
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There is no vibration in your throat and you cannot hear the sound but you can hear the manipulation of air
voiceless
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When a regular verb ends with a voiced sound the ed ending is pronounced
d
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When a regular verb ends in an unvoiced sound ad ending is pronounced
t
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The ed ending is pronounced id when the verb ends in the sounds
t and d
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How to make an improvement pronunciation
make them active in participating and provide some feedback that do not interrupt the flow of speech and encourage them to watch the mouth of speakers and listen to native speakers pronunciation patterns
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Covers more than one sound segment and it focuses upon features of stress rhythm intonation and connected speech and there is emphasis on discourse context and the speakers intent
suprasegmental level
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Degree of force or loudness you give to a syllable in a word or two words in a phrase or sentence
stress
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The way a language sounds as a result of the pattern of stress and unstress syllables in speech
rhythm
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The way the voice goes up and down of her line of speech or the music of speech
intonation
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The level like high or low at which we speak and we can change our voice to give a certain message
pitch
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The way we blend words together
connected speech