The immediate phase represents its vascular event which includes vasodilation and increased permeability. Late phase emphasize similar events of inflammation

the structure in the antigen that is recognized by the B cell or the T cell.

produce from exotoxins

the disease develops more slowly and occurs for long periods of time, it is called achronic disease.

The immediate phase represents its vascular event which includes vasodilation and increased permeability. Late phase emphasize similar events of inflammation

if a disease has a worldwide occurrence or involves at least 3 regions in the world

also known as natural immunity. This Immunity is already active from time of birth It is a non-specific

This is what is commonly known as an allergic reaction and is mediated by IgE. It occurs in response to environmental or administered antigens. Common allergens include pollens, animal fur,foods, and various drugs. The process begins when an allergen is presented by dendriticcells to naïve CD4+ T cells which differentiate into Th2 cells.

immunization involves the administration of purified antibody in preparations

the transfer of genetic material through the sex pilus

An antibiotic is said to be bactericidal if it is capable of killing the microorganism.

substances produced from microorganisms or synthetically that are capable of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms even at low concentrations.

are those with limited coverage of activity, effective only against a limited number of microorganisms.

agent, physical or chemical, capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria without necessarily killing them.

is the simplest and the earliest form of genetic exchange studied.

infection results in death of the patient over a short period of time.

is a disease that occurs in adults or immunocompromised individuals and is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox

mild-flu like form of infection that does not result in Pneumonia

occur prior to the signs of ear infection.

Inflammation of mucous membrane of pharynx.

flat lesions characterized by change in color

a common bacterial skin infection that causes redness, swelling, and pain in the infected area of the skin

skin lesions due to bleeding into the skin

a pyogenic (pus – producing) Infection involving the hair follicle.

represents a coalescence of furuncles that extends into subcutaneous tissue with multiple sinus tracts.

Atypical tyoe of pneumonia and characterized by very high fever and severe pneumonia accompanied by mental and confusion and non-bloody diarrhea.

the only DNA virus among the hepatitis viruses.

an unusual virus that considered as defective virus for it cannot replicate on its own and can only do so in cells also infected with HBV.

Inflammation of urinary bladder

primary lesions of syphilis ;painless and well-delineated

presents flu-like symptoms

where patient is asymptomatic.

etiologic agent is Coxiella burnetti, transmitted by inhalation of dust containing the organisms or aerosols.

causative agent is rickettsia rickettsii is transmitted through bites of ticks

fifth disease caused by parvovirus B-19, a single stranded DNA virus that belongs to family parvoviridae, the smallest among the DNA viruses.

etiologic agent is rickettsia prowazekki transmitted through bite of lice

cause by lyme disease, a flexible spirochete with coarse, irregular coils.

Infection transmitted by the bite of arthropods like mites

causative organism is orientia tsutsugamushi (formerly known as rickettsia tsutsugamushi). This is transmitted through bite of mites

an Etiologic Agent Phthirus pubis is the etiologic agent for pubic lice. It is a parasitic insect that feeds on the blood of the host. The lice are primarily seen attached to the pubic hair and in coarse hairs found in other parts of the body like the chest, beard, moustache, and armpits.

this period is marked by recovery of the patient from the disease. The patient regains strength and the body returns to its pre-diseased, normal condition.

where the causative organisms or their products are spread throughout the body through blood or lymph.

This infection occurs in association with streptococcal pharyngitis and is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes strains producing streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin or formerly known as erythrogenic toxin.

two species live together and one species benefits from the other without harming or benefitting the other.

parasites visit the host during feeding time.

host responsible for transferring aparasite from one location to another.

Spherical to oval or elongated in shape •It normally reside in the soil or water but can cause severe illnesses when they gain entrance into the Central Nervous System and/ eyes.

stage of the parasite (in a form of a cyst) that enters the host or the stage that is present in the parasite’s source of infection

trichomoniasis (men) – asymptomatic until it develops into Prostitis, urethritis

asymptomatic or other may have scant, watery vaginal discharges (foul smelling and greenish yellow). Manifested in pruritus and burning sensation of the vagina.

infected at birt during vaginal delivery. It may be manifested with conjunctivitis or respiratory infection

Known as primitive worms, commonly known as tapeworms •No digestive and nervous system. They absorb nutrients & eliminate waste products with their outer surface – tegument

zoonotic type of infection. •Dog – important definitive hosts •Sheep or cattle – intermediate hosts •Humans – accidental and dead – end hosts •Dog acquire the parasite by eating the visceral rogans of the intermediate hosts.

(Beef Tapeworm) – intermediate hosts – cattle (cow)

commonly known as roundworms •Unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical worms with elongated, cylindrical bodies

Ascariasis check for egg check for larvae

also known as flukes, are a group of parasitic flatworms that belong to the class Trematoda. •They are members of the phylum Platyhelminthes, which includes flatworms such as tapeworms and planarians. •Trematodes are characterized by their flattened, leaf-shaped bodies and the presence of suckers or hooks for attachment to their host.

are released from the intermediate host and can infect the definitive host directly or go through additional stages, such as encysting on vegetation or being ingested by other hosts, before reaching the definitive host.

Adult trematodes within the definitive host (e.g., humans or other vertebrates) produce eggs. These eggs are released into the environment through the host's feces.

In suitable aquatic environments, the eggs hatch and release free-swimming larvae called miracidia. Miracidia have ciliated bodies and are equipped to actively swim in water.

Miracidia must find and infect specific intermediate hosts, which are often snails or certain aquatic invertebrates. The miracidia penetrate the tissues of the intermediate host and undergo further development.

Inside the intermediate host, the miracidia transform into sporocysts, which are sac-like structures. The sporocysts then produce rediae, which are more advanced larval forms. The rediae can multiply asexually within the intermediate host, generating a population of rediae.

The rediae eventually give rise to another larval form known as cercariae. Cercariae possess a distinct, forked tail and are capable of swimming freely in water.

Cercariae are released from the intermediate host into the water, either actively or in response to certain stimuli such as light or temperature changes.

Cercariae can infect the definitive host in various ways. In some cases, they directly penetrate the skin of the definitive host when it comes into contact with contaminated water.

Once inside the definitive host, cercariae undergo further changes. They encyst and develop into a resting stage known as the metacercaria, which is the infective form for the definitive host.