The levels of biological organization

In ____, ___________ and son _________ discovered that the two lenses was the secret for better visualization and magnification of objects.

English Father of Microscopy, first to see dead cells

first person to see live cells in 1665

discovered all plants are composed cells. He was a botanist.

discovered all animals are also made up of cells. He was a German zoologist.

said that cells came from pre-existing cells.

3 tenets of cell theory

Most plant and animal cells ranging from __ um to __ um

are smaller and simpler. lacks nucleus and other membrane-bound cells

Greek word meaning “before”

Greek word meaning “nucleus”

generally larger and have more complex structures

Greek word meaning “true”

Prokaryotic Cell parts:

facilitates movement of bacteria

circular DNA containing material of bacteria

hair-like appendage that functions in adhesion

sticky out layer that provides protection

confers rigidity and shape to the cell

Label the parts

Examples of eukaryotes

Parts of eukaryotic cell

cell’s control center. DNA is housed in the _____.

site of cellular respiration in which fuel molecules are broken down into carbon dioxide and water with release of energy (ATP).

extensive network of parallel membranes that extends throughout the cell’s interior. manufacturing center of the cell

site of protein synthesis. has ribosomes attached to it.

site of lipid synthesis

collects and processes materials that are to be exported from the cell. the cell’s collecting and packaging center.

component of plant cell important for structure and cell movement

2 fibers of cytoskeleton

involved in the addition of cellulose to the cell wall

responsible for cytoplasmic streaming or movement of cytoplasm

the physical boundary that regulates the flow of materials into and out of the cell.

the 2 that proposed the widely accepted model of the plasma membrane

Cell membrane is a ____ ______ describing protiens are globular identities, floating in and on it.

model that portrayed proteins are embedded within the bilayer (fluid-mosaic)

model that portrayed the proteins form distinct layers (sandwich)

sites where proteins are made

ground substance and the biggest part of the where organelles and cellular inclusions are found

unique parts of plant cell:

the organelle occuring in photosynthetic activity. contain the enzyme necessary for photosynthesis plus the green pigment chlorophyll

another type of plastid containing pigment that provides yellow, orange, and red colors

contains a variety of materials: water, dissolved salts, ions, pigments, and waste product. the storage part of the cell

the coating material of plant cell surrounding the plasma membrane. for support and protection of plant cell. composed largely of cellulose

tiny channels through adjacentcell walls that connect cytoplasm of neighboring cells for communication

unique parts of animal cells:

contains around 40 kinds of enzymes that help digest food, disease-causing bacteria engulfed by white blood cells, worn-out and broken parts of the cell

enables the formation of spindle fibers during cell division

passage of materials across biological membranes

Cellular transport mechanisms:

3 types of passive transport

does not require energy

movement from more concentrated area to less concentrated area. is responsible for movement of materials throughout the cytoplasm and into and out of the cells. movement of substances along a concentrated gradient

movement of water through a selectively permeable membran from a solution with a lower concentration to a solution with a higher concentration. special kind of diffusion

3 types of osmosis:

when a cell is placed in a solution with a solute concentration equal to that inside the cell

when a cell is placed in a solution with a solute concentration that is higher than that within the cell

when a cell is placed in a solution with a solute concentration lower than that within the cell

materials diffuse from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a special passageways in the membrane

movement is from a lower concentrated area to a higher concentrated area. movement of substances against a concentration gradient.

2 types of bulk transport

brings material out of the cell. as a secretory vessicle aproaches the plasma membrane, it fuses with it and releases its contents to the exterior

bring material into the cell

2 types of endocytosis:

cell eating

cell drinking