A — is a large unit of written language.

A group of ideas put together to make a point or one central idea.

is an expression of ideas.

If you are to write anything, it must have the following characteristics:

refers to the ARRANGEMENT of ideas in a text.

You can easily follow good organization when you create an — of your ideas before you start.

An — is like the skeleton of the human body.

refers to the connection of ideas

refers to the connection between sentences and between paragraphs.

- old info to new info (chronological)

- signal words

It refers to the acceptable style of language for a particular form of text. Examples: Business correspondence - concise and formal Literary pieces - may be less formal and more creative

It refers to the conventions of writing which includes capitalization, punctuation, spelling, numerals, abbreviation, acronyms, and contraction.

Used to end a declarative sentence.

Indicate omitted information, incomplete thoughts, or trailing off in dialogue.

Indicate pauses, separate items in a list, or join clauses.

Show possession or form contractions.

Show strong emotion or excitement.

Used at the end of a direct question.

Used to create a break or emphasize a point.

Often used to indicate a range.

Used for direct quotes or to highlight a term.

Used to add extra information or clarification.

Used to connect words in compound forms.

Combines a question mark and exclamation point, used for surprised questions.

Used to clarify or add information within a quote.

Used to connect closely related independent clauses or separate items in a complex list.

Common Errors Double spaces after periods: Only — space is needed after a period.

: The comma before the “and” in lists is debated but often used for clarity.

Quotes: Use — quotes for quotes within quotes (in British English) or use — quotes for quotes within double quotes (in American English).

An — forms up a new word by shortening a phrase and combining the first letter of each word in the phrase. Main thing to remember is that, — are pronounceable words e.g. ROFL will be pronounced as single word: [roffle]

An — is a way to shorten a long word. There is no specific rule to make an —. Sometimes, we use initial letters of a long word to make an — eg. ave for avenue, sometimes we choose first and last letters e.g. dr. for doctor, a nd sometime we random letters e.g. kg for kilogram.

It looks similar to an acronym in its forming structure but not exactly the same. —, like acronyms, also use the first letter of each word of a phrase or a sentence, but instead of combining the letters to form a new word, we pronounce each letter individually.