List of Vitamin K-Dependent Prothrombin Group:

Regulatory Proteins:

Cofactor of the regulatory proteins:

Common feature of the regulatory proteins:

Common Feature: 10 to 12 glutamic acid units near amino termini.

Source: Green leafy vegetables, Bacteroides fragilis, and E. coli.

It catalyzes the γ-carboxylation of glutamic acids.

Source of Vitamin K- Dependent Prothrombin Group:

Allows the factors to bind calcium ions, which is necessary for their activation and function in the coagulation process.

This carboxylation allows the factors to bind ________, which is necessary for their activation and function in the coagulation process.

Leads to production of des-γ-carboxyl proteins (PIVKAs/Proteins Induced by Vitamin K Absence or Antagonist).

PIVKAs

Acts as a Vitamin K antagonist, leading to production of PIVKAs.

It inhibits the enzyme Vitamin K epoxide reductase, which is responsible for recycling Vitamin K to its active form.

The warfarin exhibits a type of reductase, which is responsible for recycling Vitamin K to its active form.

Warfarin depletes active Vitamin K levels in the body, by blocking this type of enzyme

Outcome: Cannot effectively bind calcium or phospholipids, which are crucial for their proper function in the coagulation cascade.

Outcome: PIVKAs cannot effectively bind calcium or phospholipids, which are crucial for their proper function in the coagulation cascade which leads to?

Assembly of Coagulation Complexes:

Factor VIIa and tissue factor, activates IX and X.

Factor IXa and VIIIa, efficiently activates factor X.

Factor Xa and Va, converts prothrombin to thrombin. Ca2+

Prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F 1.2) is released, indicating thrombin generation.

Factor VIIa and tissue factor, activates?

Factor IXa and VIIIaz efficiently activates?

Converts prothrombin to thrombin

Is released, indicating thrombin generation.

Used as an anticoagulant by inhibiting Vitamin K.

Warfarin Therapy monitors?

Used in cases of deficiency to restore normal coagulation.