問題一覧
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Material that contains radioactive isotopes and emits ionizing radiation. Arise from sources like nuclear power plants, medical facilities, and industrial processes.
Radioactive waste
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Importance of Radioactive waste management
Public health Environment safety Long-term sustainability Economic impact
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Types of radioactive waste
Low-level waste Intermediate-level waste High-level waste Transuranic waste
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Waste with low amount of Radioactivity
Low-level waste
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Waste with higher level of radioactivity
intermediate-level waste
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Waste with most radioactive isotopes with long half-lives
High-level waste
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Waste that contains radioactive isotopes w/ atomic no. greater than uranium, have long half-lives, and pose a persistent threat.
Transuranic waste
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Sources of radioactive waste
Nuclear powerplant Medical and research institutions Indistrial sources Military and defense
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Radiation Exposure
Chronic exposure Acute exposure Long term effects
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Radiation exposure with high doses over a short time
Acute exposure
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Radiation Exposure with low doses of radiation exposure over long period
Chronic Exposure
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Radiation exposure that cause health problems after years of exposure.
Long term effects
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Long term environmental impacts of radioactive waste
Contamination Bioaccumulation Genetic damage
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Radioactive waste management strategies
Waste Minimization Containment Storage Dosposal
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Reducing the volume and radioactivity of waste produced.
Waste Minimization
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Prevent the release of radioactive materials into the environment
Containment
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Temporary or long-term holding of radioactive waste.
Storage
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Process of permanently isolating radioactive waste from environment to protect human health.
Disposal
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Disposal Methods
Near-Surface Disposal Borehole Disposal Engineered Lanfill Disposal Deep Geological Disposal
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Method of managing low-level waste by burying it close to the earth surface.
Near-surface disposal
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Method of isolating high-level waste and long-lived intermediate-level wastes in geological formations underground.
Deep geological disposal
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Method of isolating highly radioactive waste in deep, narrow boreholes into earth's crust.
Borehole disposal
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Disposing LLW in specially designed, controlled landfills.
Engineered Landfill Disposal
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Countries with advanced radioactive waste management
Finland Sweden United states
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Leader in radioactive waste management and the home to Onkalo Repository
Finland
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First Deep Geological Repository
Onkalo Repository
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Another pioneer in geological disposal and in process of Forsmark deep geological repository
Sweden
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Long history of managing radioactive waste.
United states
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US repository
Yucca mountain repository
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Study of heat transfer and fluid flow in nuclear reactors.
Nuclear Thermal Hydraulics
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Use heat transfer and fluid flow to generate energy safely.
Nuclear Reactor Systems
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Three modes of heat transfer.
Conduction (Heat through solids) Convection (Heat via fluid movements) Radiation (Heat as electromagnetic waves)
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Types of flow
Laminar flow (smooth & orderly) Turbulent flow (chaotic & mixed)
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It circulate coolant to remove heat
Reactor coolant pumps
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Challenges that coolant faces within pipes.
Flow resistance
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Where energy is released by fission of uranium and plutonium in fuel rods.
Reactor core
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Converts the heat from reactor to steam.
Steam generator
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Steam leaving the turbine and enters it.
Condenser
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Challenges in Nuclear Thermal Hydraulics
High heat loads Complex geometries Safety in extreme condition