: A distinct aggregation of trees originating from a single natural disturbance or regeneration cutting.

The amount, compactness, or depth of foliage of the crowns of trees and/or shrubs.

The ground area covered by the crowns of trees or woody vegetation as delimited by the vertical projection of crown perimeters and commonly expressed as a percent of total ground area (syn Canopy Cover)

Seedlings or saplings that develop or are present in the understory.

See age class

Creation of a new age class by renewal of a tree crop by direct seeding, or by planting seedlings or cuttings

The proportion of each tree species in a stand expressed as a percentage of either the total number, basal area, or volume of all tree species in the stand.

A planned sequence of treatments designed to maintain and regenerate a stand with one age class. The range of tree ages is usually less than 20 percent of the rotation. (See Clearcutting, Seed Tree, Shelterwood, Coppice.)

The part of a tree or woody plant bearing live branches and foliage. Crown Class: A class of tree based on crown position relative to the crowns of adjacent trees.

A cutting made in a stand past the sapling stage primarily to improve composition and quality by removing less desirable trees of any species.

Even aged methods

A clearcutting method in which varying numbers of reserve trees are not harvested to attain goals other than regeneration.

Any tree that is selected to become a component of a future final harvest.

An even-aged regeneration method in which a new age class develops from seedlings that germinate in fully exposed micro-environments after removal of all the previous stand except a small number of trees left to provide seed. Seed trees are removed after regeneration is established

A release treatment made in a stand not past the sapling stage in order to free the favored trees from competition of older, overtopping trees.

Establishment of a forest or stand in an area not previously forested.

An age class created from natural seeding, sprouting, suckering, or layering.

A thinning that does not yield trees of commercial value, usually designed to improve crop spacing.

A cutting method by which a new age class is created. The major methods are Clearcutting, Seed Tree, Shelterwood, Selection, and Coppice (see Harvesting Method).

A class of tree based on crown position relative to the crowns of adjacent trees.

A cutting method by which a stand is harvested. Emphasis is on meeting logging requirements rather than silvicultural objectives. (See Regeneration Methods.)

The application of fire, usually under existing stands and under specific conditions of weather and fuel moisture, in order to control vegetation to meet goals of silviculture or hazard reduction.

Trees that during a specified period have grown past an arbitrary lower limit of (usually) diameter or height. Ingrowth is usually measured as basal area or volume per unit area.

: Trees with crowns forming the general level of the main canopy in even-aged groups of trees, receiving full light from above and comparatively little from the sides.

A method of regenerating an even-aged stand in which a new age class develops in a fully exposed microclimate after removal, in a single cutting, of all trees in the previous stand. Regeneration is from natural seeding, direct seeding, planted seedlings, and/or advance reproduction. Harvesting may be done in groups or patches (Group or Patch Clearcutting), or in strips (Strip Clearcutting). In the Clearcutting system, the management unit or stand in which regeneration, growth, and yield are regulated consists of the individual clearcut stand (see Group Selection).

A tree, group, or crop of trees, shrubs, or other plants, either naturally occurring or introduced, used to nurture or improve the form of a more important tree or crop during youth by protecting it from frost, insolation, or wind.

The planned interval between partial harvests in an uneven-aged stand (see Thinning Interval).

A release treatment made in an age class not past the sapling stage in order to free the favored trees from less desirable individuals of the same age class which overtop them or are likely to do so.

The cutting of trees comprising an upper canopy layer in order to release trees or other vegetation in an understory.

A collective term for any treatment designed to enhance growth, quality, vigor, and composition of the stand after establishment of regeneration and prior to final harvest. (See Tending, Stand Improvement.)

Trees with crowns extending into the lower portion of the main canopy of even- aged groups of trees, but shorter in height than the codominants. They receive little direct light from above and none from the sides.

Trees of varying levels of vigor that have their crowns completely covered by the crowns of one or more neighboring trees.

Trees with crowns extending above the general level of the main canopy of even- aged groups of trees, and receiving full light from above and partly from the sides.

A stand of trees containing a single age class in which the range of tree ages is usually less than 20 percent of rotation.