what are the theories in the origin of the universe

As it expands, new matter is created. Keeping the density of the universe consistent

An alternative theory to the Big Bang Theory

It states that the universe has been present ever since & therefore has no beginning and no end & has been expanding constantly.

The universe is in a cycle of expanding and contracting, sort of like blowing up a balloon, letting it deflate, and blowing it up again. However, we do not have evidence that indicates that the universe will contract.

As the universe grows hotter and brighter until it collapses into a singularity to create the Big Bang where all the matter will expand, then eventually stop and contract back into itself in the Big Crunch, followed by another Big Bang, then Big Crunch in a never ending cycle.

The most accepted and best supported theory. It is constantly being refined as new evidence is discovered.

determine whether stars and galaxies are moving toward or away from us

which means that it supports the theory that the entire universe is expanding.

Theories on the Origin of the Solar System

The theory that explains that the solar system was developed from a primeval nebula.

It describes the formation of our solar system from a nebula made from a collection of dust and gas.

It is believed that the sun, planets, moons, and a lot of heavenly bodies were formed around the same time around 4.5 billion years ago from a nebula.

The theory assumes that the Sun was formed before the planet.

The gravitational attraction of a closely passing star or a blast of a nearby supernova explosion drew out of a filament of a solar material that condensed to form planets.

in the Orion arm of the Milky Way galaxy, a slowly rotating gas and dust cloud dominated by hydrogen and helium starts to contract due to gravity.

most of the mass move to the center to eventually become a proto-Sun, the remaining materials form a disc that will eventually become the planets and momentum is transferred outwards.

4 Major Geological Subsystems of Earth

the mixture of gases that surround the Earth.

is all waters on Earth, including subsurface and atmospheric water

all living organisms on Earth, including those on the land, in the water, and in the air.

is the solid portion of the Earth, which is made up of rocks and minerals.

Makes up the solid portion of the Earth, its structure and land. It includes the non-living land features

Geosphere has four layers

The outermost layer of the earth. Yet this thin tiny layer is what we think of as "the earth", with its mountains, valleys, continents, ocean beds, etc

2 types of Crust

made up of volcanic lava flows, huge granite blocks, and sediments laid down in shallow water or continental seas. It is quite thick, averaging 30 to 40 km and beneath parts of mountain ranges reaching 80 km. But it is made of lower density rocks, such as andesite and granite.

hin, only about 5 to 10 km deep, and made of relatively dense rock called basalt, possibly underlain by gabbro (a similar but coarser grained rock). It also contains a greater proportion of magnesium. The composition of the lower crust is not known, but it is probably gabbro.

Mostly solid rocks and minerals and marked by malleable areas of some semi-solid magma. It represents 85% of the total mass and weight of our planet

2 types of mantle

It is mostly solid, and its malleable regions contribute to tectonic activities.

The Earth’s crust and the brittle upper portion of the mantle forms the

extends from 660 km up to 2700 km below the Earth’s surface. It is mostly solid rocks and composed of iron, oxygen, magnesium, and aluminum. Its temperature is about 3,000 degree Celsius which makes it much hotter and denser than the upper mantle.

Center of our planet which lies beneath the cool, brittle crust and the mostly solid mantle. It is found 2,900 km below the Earth’s surface with a radius of 3,485 km. It is entirely made up of metal ally such as iron and nickel. Siderophiles are also found in Earth’s core classified as “precious metals”. It includes gold, platinum, sulfur, and cobalt.

2 ttyps of core

is the second largest layer of our planet.

The outer core movement around the inner core creates and sustains the?

is the final layer of the Earth, which is extremely hot, dense huge metal of mostly iron 2,500 km wide. The temperature ranges between 5,000 degree Celsius to 6,000 degree Celsius which is enough to make metal melt. Scientist assumes that the inner core is not totally solid but rather a plasma behaving as a solid.

Composed of all the waters on or near the Earth surface. This includes water on the surface like oceans, seas, rivers, lakes etc. It may also be the water in the underground, in wells and aquifers & may exist even as a moisture in the air which is visible as clouds and fogs.

The Earth’s hydrosphere can be in a form of liquid, vapor, and ice such as glaciers, ice caps & icebergs. This is the frozen part called?

Earth's water is always in movement, and the natural water cycle, also known as the

Not just merely the air that we breathe but also the blanket of gas that surrounds our planet up to edge of space. This thin layer of gas that envelops our planet is necessary to sustain life because it contains gases essential for humans and animals to breathe.

types of atmosphere

starts at the Earth’s surface & extends 8 – 14.5 km high. It is considered the densest among the other parts of the atmosphere

Almost all-weather types are in this region.

It extends up to 50 km high. It is in the region where can we find the ozone layer which absorbs and scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation

Meteors usually burn up in this region as they approach our planet.

this region above the mesosphere and extends to 600 km. It is where aurora, spacecrafts occur.

abundant layers of electron, ionized atoms and molecules occur. It extends from about 48 km above the surface to the edge of space up to 965 km. This region makes radio communications possible.

this is the upper limit of our atmosphere. It extends from the top of the thermosphere up to 10,000 km (6,200 mi).

It is termed as the “zone of life”.

This thin layer encompasses the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere and the sum of all the ecosystems.

The interaction of the biosphere with other spheres can be explained better by a theory known as

bigbang theory was proposed by

steady State Theory was proposed by

process of expanding and contracting. "a never ending cycle."

coolest and most rigid of Earths layer

denser and weakest layer

where is the earths water

it is made from a collection of gas and dust

collosal explosion of star or dead star

found to contain only hydrogen and helium

molten metal and dust particles stuck tigether to form?

this is a process in which clusters to turn together to form rocks, mutual gravity caused this rocks to come together, eventually to form planets

called to planets (mercury, venus, earth, mars)

what is called to (jupiter, saturn, uranus, Neptune)

salt that we add to our food is the?

Rubies and sapphires are colored varieties of a mineral named

meet the definition of "mineral" used by most geologists, a substance must meet five requirements

means that people did not make it. Steel is not a mineral because it is an alloy produced by people.

means that the substance is not made by an organism. Wood and pearls are made by organisms and thus are not minerals.

means that it is not a liquid or a gas at standard temperature and pressure. Water is not a mineral because it is a liquid.

means that all occurrences of that mineral have a chemical composition that varies within a specific limited range. For example: the mineral halite (known as "rock salt" when it is mined) has a chemical composition of NaCl. It is made up of an equal number of atoms of sodium and chlorine.

means that the atoms in a mineral are arranged in a systematic and repeating pattern. Halite is composed of an equal ratio of sodium and chlorine atoms arranged in a cubic pattern.

PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

The most obvious property of a mineral,

scale to test tge hardness of mineral

the way that it reflects light.

mineral aggregates with a combination of properties of all the mineral traces.

three main types, or classes, of rock

Cooling magma (molten & parent material that cools & hardens) forms igneous rocks,this process?

Rocks from magma that grow slowly below the surface are called

Rocks that result quickly cooling lava at the earth’s surface are called

igneous intrusive

igneous extrusive/ or

Some magmas rise & flow into the cracks in the crust but do not reach the surface; instead, they harden deep inside the crust. It cools down slowly & take thousands or even millions of years to solidify because the surrounding is too hot.

most common example of igneous intrusive rocks

most important rock in the crust.

often called as “black granite”.

silicate rock

has no crystal. In early times, it is used for weapons & tools

presence of many air holes. It is valuable for grinding, scrubbing & polishing.

Most of the rocks exposed on the earth’s surface. This rock is formed when sediment is compacted & cemented together. It usually formed layer by layer, with the oldest layer on the bottom, these layers are called strata.

Derived from mechanical weathering which involves the breakdown of rocks into smaller ones at the surface of the crust, accumulate as clasts, piled on top of one another and “lithified”

example of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Form when dissolved materials precipitate. Precipitation is the process of separating a solid substance from a liquid.

process of separating a solid substance from a liquid

forms when dissolved minerals crystallize out of a solution

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks example

Formed by the accumulated sedimentary debris caused by organic process. These are rocks that may contain fossils of plants and animals trapped in the sediments as the rock was formed.