Colored portion of the eye

Adjustable opening of the eye to allow light in

Light Receptors

Photosensitive layer, composed of rods and cones

Sends all the information gathered to the brain

Small, notched area behind the lens of the retina

The rods are 10,000 times more sensitive to light than the cones, which make them the primary receptors for _____

Rods are able to detect images in the dark because they create a chemical called ____, also referred to as ____. As it is formed, the rods can take up to 30 minutes to fully adapt to the dark

Caused by staring at a single point against a dark background for more than a few seconds then after a few moments, the light will appear to move on its own

The eyes see things larger than normal because of lack of visual reference

Can occur when the natural horizon is obscured or not readily apparent. It can be generated by confusing bright stars and city lights

Caused by a wide variety of factors. For example, weather conditions that reduce visibility, such as rain, haze, or fog; and flying over water, at night, or over featureless terrain, such as snow, can cause you to fly a lower-than-normal approach. Runway width and slope can also cause this.

A light flickering at a frequency of 4 to 20 flashes per second can produce ____ and although rare, it can lead to convulsions, nausea, or unconsciousness.

The lack of orientation with regard to the position, attitude, or movement of the airplane in space.

Located in your inner ear, consists of the vestibule and three semicircular canals. The utricle and saccule organs within the vestibule are responsible for the perception of gravity and linear acceleration

Nausea, sweating, dizziness, and vomiting are some of the symptoms of ____ , which often is caused by spatial disorientation.

Occurs when the tissues in the body do not receive enough oxygen. Can be caused by several factors including an insufficient supply of oxygen, inadequate transportation of oxygen, or the inability of the body tissues to use oxygen.

Can occur very suddenly at high altitudes during rapid decompression, or it can occur slowly at lower altitudes when you are exposed to insufficient oxygen over an extended period of time. Most Common in aviation • There’s insufficient oxygen in the lungs for proper transfer to take place • Lack of available oxygen in the atmosphere

When your blood is not able to carry a sufficient amount of oxygen to your body’s cells. This type of hypoxia can be caused by any condition that results in a reduced number of healthy blood cells such as anemia, disease, blood loss, or deformed blood cells.Can be caused by any factor, such as carbon monoxide poisoning, that interferes with the attachment of oxygen to the blood’s hemoglobin. Because it attaches itself to the hemoglobin about 200 times more easily than does oxygen, carbon monoxide (CO) prevents the blood from carrying sufficient oxygen.

Oxygen deficiency in the body due to poor circulation in the blood. • In flight, this can be the result when pulling too much “+G” or G loads

• Inability of the cells to effectively use oxygen • Causes of it could be from alcohol intake, drug intake or cyanide poisoning

occurs when an individual is experiencing emotional stress, fright, or pain, and the breathing rate and depth increase, although the carbon dioxide level in the blood is already at a reduced level.

is the body’s reaction to the physical and psychological demands placed upon it.

in relation to aviators, produced by the aircraft, such as fighting severe turbulence, icing conditions, malfunctioning of the equipment

Some of it, emotional and some resulting from the demanding intellectual activity required for successful flight operations

Depletion of body energy reserves, leading to below-par performance

• Short lived and normal occurrence in everyday living. • A kind of tiredness after a period of strenuous effort, excitement or lack of sleep. • Rest after exertion and eight hours of sleep ordinarily cures this

• Usually has a psychological roots. • May experience this condition in the form of weakness, tiredness, palpitations of heart, breathlessness, headaches, or irritability. • It can lead to emotional illness. • Self-help cures are rare • Above all, DON’T FLY!

Is a systematic approach to the mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.