the biological science which deals with the mechanism of heredity and causes of variations in living beings.

the process by which characteristics are passed from parents to offspring so that all organisms resemble their ancestors.

-units of biological information -physical particles present inside living cells. -also units of inheritance

Factors Affected by Genes (7)

all chemical substances necessary for bodily processes

basic structural and functional units of an organism’s body

group of cells that perform a specific function

consists of 2 or more tissues that perform a particular function

association of organs that have a common function

Father of genetics

Genetics is generally divided into four major subdivisions:

A discipline that describes how physical characteristics (traits) are passed along from one generation to another.

The study of the chemical and physical structures of DNA, its close cousin RNA, and proteins. -also covers how genes do their jobs. structure and function of genes at the molecular level

A division of genetics that looks at the genetic makeup of larger groups. fate of genes in the population

A highly mathematical field that examines the statistical relationships between genes and the traits they encode. role of genetics and environmental factors in the inheritance of traits

gene regulation during development

behavior of the chromosome

genetic change within and between species

roles of enzymes / proteins (as a product of genetic processes)

behavioral traits that are inherited

Branches of Genetics (8)

• high yielding and pest resistant varieties of rice, corn, wheat, vegetables and fruits • advances in farm animal production (meat, milk, egg) through breeding • production of microbial strain for fast fermentation (fermented foods and processed food products)

• diseases and abnormalities with genetic bases – diabetes, hemophilia, mental disorder, metabolic abnormalities (gene therapy)

• inheritance of certain traits (desirable or undesirable) • pedigree analysis and pattern of inheritance (cause of genetic disorder)

• helps solve problems of disputed parentage and identifying criminals (DNA fingerprinting, ABO or MN blood types, enzyme markers)

• production of different plants, animals, microorganisms or food that have been genetically enhanced through biotechnology

the basic building blocks of all living things.

separates the inside and the outside of the cell, and controls what goes in and comes out.

a jelly-like substance (cytosol) containing the cell’s parts.

carries out a specific function in the cell.

a network of long fibers that make up the cell’s structural framework.

-helps process molecules created by the cell. -also transports these molecules to their specific destinations either inside or outside the cell.

packages molecules processed by the endoplasmic reticulum to be transported out of the cell.

digest and dispose of unwanted protein, DNA, RNA, carbohydrates, and lipids in the cell. -t is referred to as the cell’s recycling center

single membrane–bound vesicles found in most eukaryotic cells. They contain several different enzymes and are involved in various metabolic pathways

are complex organelles that convert energy from food into a form that the cell can use.

serves as the cell’s command center, sending directions to the cell to grow, mature, divide, or die. It also houses DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the cell’s hereditary material.

the outer lining of the cell. It separates the cell from its environment and allows materials to enter and leave the cell.

are organelles that process the cell’s genetic instructions to create proteins. These organelles can float freely in the cytoplasm or be connected to the endoplasmic reticulum

are organelles that carry out photosynthesis, which makes the food plant cells need to live. This food is in the form of sugars

outside the cell membrane, and it provides structure for the cell.

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

is the hereditary material in almost all organisms

Types of cell organelles (13)

This PROCESS uses oxygen and simple sugars to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell’s main energy

forms of the same gene with small differences in their sequence of DNA bases.

DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures

Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called

Chromosome is visible during....

In humans, each cell normally contains___ pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46

Twenty-two of these pairs, called....

The 23rd pair called...

Levels of Compaction

The material that makes up chromosomes, which we now know to be proteins and DNA

more loosely packed, and tends to contain genes that are being transcribed

more densely compacted_________, which is rich in repetitive sequences and tends not to be transcribed.

prokaryotic vs eukaryotic chromosomes

are typically pairs of similar, but non-identical, chromosomes in which one member of the pair comes from the male parent, and the other comes from the female parent.

contain different gene loci, and are usually distinguishable based on cytological features such as length, centromere position, and banding patterns.

is the complete set of chromosomes of an individual.

allows a geneticist to determine a person's karyotype - a written description of their chromosomes including anything out of the ordinary.

Difference of haploid and diploid

the heritable condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes

An individual that contains one half the normal number of chromosomes

two types of cell division..

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

Phases of mitosis (5)

phases of meiosis (9)

Mendels law of inheritance (3)

defined as the process of how an offspring receives genetic information from the parent.

2 main experiments to determine the laws of inheritance:

hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait

cross of two traits, each having two alleles.

• Every parent’s pair of genes or alleles divide and a single gene passes from every parent to an offspring. • Which particular gene passes on in a pair is entirely up to chance.

• Recessive alleles are always masked by dominant alleles. • A cross between a homozygous recessive and a homozygous dominant shows the dominant phenotype by still having a heterozygous genotype. • This law could be explained by the monohybrid cross experiment. • In the case of a cross among the two organisms with contrasting traits, the character that is visible in the F1 generation is known as dominant and the one that is suppressed is known as recessive.

• Discrete pairs of alleles pass onto the offspring without depending on one another. • The inheritance of genes at a particular region in a genome does not affect the inheritance of genes in a different region.

A specific position along a chromosome

a condition wherein the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele

a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a particular trait is not expressed completely over its paired allele

heterozygous individual expresses the phenotype of both alleles simultaneously.

Recommend the use of lenses for viewing small objects

Produced the first operational Microscope

Introduced the term "cell" and describe cork cells

Classified the tissues

Classified biological organisms

Founder of embryology

coined the word "biology"

discovered the nucleus in cells of flowering plants

Coined the term "mitosis"