Produced the first operational Microscope

is the complete set of chromosomes of an individual.

In humans, each cell normally contains___ pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46

basic structural and functional units of an organism’s body

serves as the cell’s command center, sending directions to the cell to grow, mature, divide, or die. It also houses DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the cell’s hereditary material.

coined the word "biology"

• helps solve problems of disputed parentage and identifying criminals (DNA fingerprinting, ABO or MN blood types, enzyme markers)

consists of 2 or more tissues that perform a particular function

A division of genetics that looks at the genetic makeup of larger groups. fate of genes in the population

The study of the chemical and physical structures of DNA, its close cousin RNA, and proteins. -also covers how genes do their jobs. structure and function of genes at the molecular level

Branches of Genetics (8)

Genetics is generally divided into four major subdivisions:

-units of biological information -physical particles present inside living cells. -also units of inheritance

Introduced the term "cell" and describe cork cells

Types of cell organelles (13)

A discipline that describes how physical characteristics (traits) are passed along from one generation to another.

genetic change within and between species

are complex organelles that convert energy from food into a form that the cell can use.

discovered the nucleus in cells of flowering plants

the basic building blocks of all living things.

association of organs that have a common function

Father of genetics

Chromosome is visible during....

defined as the process of how an offspring receives genetic information from the parent.

outside the cell membrane, and it provides structure for the cell.

• Recessive alleles are always masked by dominant alleles. • A cross between a homozygous recessive and a homozygous dominant shows the dominant phenotype by still having a heterozygous genotype. • This law could be explained by the monohybrid cross experiment. • In the case of a cross among the two organisms with contrasting traits, the character that is visible in the F1 generation is known as dominant and the one that is suppressed is known as recessive.

Founder of embryology

gene regulation during development

hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait

This PROCESS uses oxygen and simple sugars to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell’s main energy

The 23rd pair called...

Coined the term "mitosis"

allows a geneticist to determine a person's karyotype - a written description of their chromosomes including anything out of the ordinary.

are organelles that process the cell’s genetic instructions to create proteins. These organelles can float freely in the cytoplasm or be connected to the endoplasmic reticulum

Classified the tissues

the process by which characteristics are passed from parents to offspring so that all organisms resemble their ancestors.

the heritable condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes

A specific position along a chromosome

Difference of haploid and diploid

more densely compacted_________, which is rich in repetitive sequences and tends not to be transcribed.

behavior of the chromosome

a jelly-like substance (cytosol) containing the cell’s parts.

Twenty-two of these pairs, called....

• diseases and abnormalities with genetic bases – diabetes, hemophilia, mental disorder, metabolic abnormalities (gene therapy)

the outer lining of the cell. It separates the cell from its environment and allows materials to enter and leave the cell.

Levels of Compaction

phases of meiosis (9)

An individual that contains one half the normal number of chromosomes

more loosely packed, and tends to contain genes that are being transcribed

• Discrete pairs of alleles pass onto the offspring without depending on one another. • The inheritance of genes at a particular region in a genome does not affect the inheritance of genes in a different region.

• high yielding and pest resistant varieties of rice, corn, wheat, vegetables and fruits • advances in farm animal production (meat, milk, egg) through breeding • production of microbial strain for fast fermentation (fermented foods and processed food products)

-helps process molecules created by the cell. -also transports these molecules to their specific destinations either inside or outside the cell.

two types of cell division..

carries out a specific function in the cell.

are typically pairs of similar, but non-identical, chromosomes in which one member of the pair comes from the male parent, and the other comes from the female parent.

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

are organelles that carry out photosynthesis, which makes the food plant cells need to live. This food is in the form of sugars

is the hereditary material in almost all organisms

cross of two traits, each having two alleles.

prokaryotic vs eukaryotic chromosomes

single membrane–bound vesicles found in most eukaryotic cells. They contain several different enzymes and are involved in various metabolic pathways

Phases of mitosis (5)

contain different gene loci, and are usually distinguishable based on cytological features such as length, centromere position, and banding patterns.

The material that makes up chromosomes, which we now know to be proteins and DNA

digest and dispose of unwanted protein, DNA, RNA, carbohydrates, and lipids in the cell. -t is referred to as the cell’s recycling center

• inheritance of certain traits (desirable or undesirable) • pedigree analysis and pattern of inheritance (cause of genetic disorder)

roles of enzymes / proteins (as a product of genetic processes)

behavioral traits that are inherited

DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures

Factors Affected by Genes (7)

a condition wherein the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele

a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a particular trait is not expressed completely over its paired allele

a network of long fibers that make up the cell’s structural framework.

separates the inside and the outside of the cell, and controls what goes in and comes out.

A highly mathematical field that examines the statistical relationships between genes and the traits they encode. role of genetics and environmental factors in the inheritance of traits

2 main experiments to determine the laws of inheritance:

Classified biological organisms

• Every parent’s pair of genes or alleles divide and a single gene passes from every parent to an offspring. • Which particular gene passes on in a pair is entirely up to chance.

all chemical substances necessary for bodily processes

Mendels law of inheritance (3)

group of cells that perform a specific function

the biological science which deals with the mechanism of heredity and causes of variations in living beings.

heterozygous individual expresses the phenotype of both alleles simultaneously.

packages molecules processed by the endoplasmic reticulum to be transported out of the cell.

Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called

Recommend the use of lenses for viewing small objects

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

• production of different plants, animals, microorganisms or food that have been genetically enhanced through biotechnology

forms of the same gene with small differences in their sequence of DNA bases.