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問題一覧
1
Posterior plumbline: What is the recommended position of the feet in the assessment of ankle and feet alignment?
B) Turned out slightly
2
Standard Lateral Posture: What is the recommended position of the pelvis in the standard lateral posture?
C) Neutral position
3
Posterior Postural assessment: What can uneven ear height suggest?
a. The client has a laterally flexed cervical spine
4
Posterior Postural assessment: What would happen if a client's neck is laterally flexed to the left?
c. The left levator scapulae, sternocleidomastoid, and scalene muscles would all be tight
5
Posterior Postural assessment: How can you often tell whether a client is not using one shoulder?
By observing the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
6
Posterior plumbline: Which body part should the Plumb Line pass through to assess the lumbar spine?
C) Midline of all lumbar vertebrae
7
Posterior Postural assessment: What muscle length changes occur with downward rotation of the scapula?
b. Lengthening of the lower fibers of the trapezius and rhomboid major and shortening of the upper fibers of the trapezius and rhomboid minor
8
Posterior Postural assessment: What is the purpose of placing one hand gently on the forehead of your client when palpating the cervical spine?
b. To stabilize the head and neck
9
Posterior Postural assessment: What can overall curvature and deviations in individual vertebrae help explain?
c. Pain in the thoracic region
10
Posterior Postural assessment: What muscle length changes occur with upward rotation of the scapula?
a. Lengthening of the upper fibers of the trapezius and rhomboid minor and shortening of the lower fibers of the trapezius and rhomboid major
11
Posterior Postural assessment: What does protraction of the scapulae often accompany?
b. Poor posture with lengthened and weak rhomboids and the lower fibers of the trapezius
12
Posterior Postural assessment: What can cause the trunk to rotate?
d. All of the above (The muscles attaching to the thorax, The muscles attaching to the head, The muscles attaching to the pelvis)
13
Posterior Postural assessment: What does it indicate if the head appears tilted to one side?
b. The muscles that laterally flex the head and neck are tight on the side to which the neck is tilted
14
Posterior Postural assessment: What happens to the medial border and inferior angle of the scapula with upward rotation?
b. They are abducted from the spine
15
Posterior Postural assessment: How do you know whether one shoulder is truly higher or the other is lower?
c. By asking the client to shrug their shoulders, and then relax
16
Posterior plumbline: What should be the position of the buttock creases in the assessment of pelvis and thigh alignment?
B) Level and equal
17
Standard Anterior Alignment: What is the general observation for the ankle and feet?
c. Medial malleoli should be level
18
Posterior Postural assessment: What does it mean if the inferior angle on the client’s left scapula is higher compared to the inferior angle of the client’s right scapula?
b. The upper fibers of the trapezius on the left, plus the left levator scapulae are shortened
19
Posterior Postural assessment: When does true winging occur?
a. When the serratus anterior muscle is unable to keep the scapula fixed against the rib cage
20
Posterior plumbline: Where should the Plumb Line pass through to assess the shoulders?
B) Between the medial borders of the scapulae
21
Posterior Postural assessment: What is being assessed in the cervical spine alignment step?
a. Whether the client’s cervical spine is straight
22
Posterior Postural assessment: What might cause atrophy of the shoulder muscles on one side?
a. Immobilization of the upper limb or adhesive capsulitis
23
Posterior Postural assessment: What might you observe during your lateral postural assessment of the spine?
a. Whether the client has lordosis and kyphosis
24
Posterior Postural assessment: How can you understand the relationship among the head, thorax, and pelvis?
b. By imagining them as three-dimensional blocks or cylinders
25
Posterior Postural assessment: What is the purpose of putting marks on the neck area?
a. To identify deviations when learning the technique of postural assessment
26
Posterior Postural assessment: What happens to the medial border and inferior angle of the scapula with downward rotation?
a. They are adducted towards the spine
27
Posterior Postural assessment: What are you focusing on in the "Inferior angle of the Scapula" step?
a. The position of the inferior angle on each scapula
28
Posterior Postural assessment: What should be done if a client has long hair?
b. They should tie their hair up and out of the way
29
Posterior Postural assessment: How can alignment of the cervical spine be assessed?
c. By palpating the spinous processes and marking these using a body pen or crayon
30
Posterior plumbline: How should the head be positioned in terms of rotation and flexion?
C) Facing forwards with no rotation and no lateral flexion
31
Posterior Postural assessment: Why do older clients often have noticeable atrophy in the shoulder muscles?
b. Because they are often low in body fat and have less muscle bulk
32
Posterior Postural assessment: What does downward rotation of the scapula suggest?
b. Tension in the lower fibers of the trapezius and rhomboids major, and weakness in the middle and upper fibers of the trapezius, the rhomboid minor and the levator scapulae
33
Posterior Postural assessment: What occurs in the condition known as 'wry neck' or torticollis?
a. There is a spasming of the neck muscles resulting in lateral flexion, rotation of the neck or both
34
Posterior Postural assessment: What is upward rotation of the scapula?
b. Upward movement of the glenoid fossa
35
Posterior Postural assessment: Why can palpation of the cervical spine be tricky?
a. The spinous processes of some of the cervical vertebrae are bifurcated and approximate each other when the neck is in a neutral position
36
Posterior Postural assessment: What is an exception to the rule that if the right shoulder appears higher, muscles on the right are shorter and tighter than the corresponding muscles on the left?
b. If the client has a neurological condition
37
Posterior Postural assessment: Why should clients avoid holding their hair up during the assessment?
a. Because it can alter the position of their head, neck and shoulders
38
Standard Anterior Alignment: What is the general observation for the shoulders?
c. The shoulders should be approximately level.
39
Posterior plumbline: What is the reference line for assessing the head alignment?
A) Through midline of the skull
40
Posterior Postural assessment: What muscles are shortened when the trunk is rotated to the right?
a. Right internal oblique, left external oblique, left psoas, left lumbar erector spinae, and muscles that rotate the neck to the left
41
Posterior Postural assessment: Why do clients with shoulder pain often flex their necks to the side of the pain?
d. To minimise movement and reduce discomfort
42
Posterior Postural assessment: What will happen if you shrug your shoulders while holding your clavicle?
b. You will feel your clavicle raising
43
Posterior Postural assessment: What is being assessed in the "thoracic Cage" step?
a. The positioning of the thoracic cage in relation to the client’s head and hips
44
Posterior Postural assessment: What posture might cause retraction of the scapulae?
c. The military-style posture: chests pushed up and out, shoulders drawn back and down
45
Posterior Postural assessment: What have therapists observed about many people's dominant shoulder?
b. It is naturally depressed and slightly protracted
46
Standard Lateral Posture: Which body part should appear equal in muscle bulk on both sides in the standard lateral posture?
B) Thighs
47
Posterior Postural assessment: What might observation of clients who regularly engage in sporting activities involving bilateral retraction of the scapulae reveal?
a. Hypertrophy in both left and right rhomboids
48
Standard Anterior Alignment: Where should the plumb line be through in the head?
a. Through the forehead, nose, and chin
49
Posterior Postural assessment: What should be avoided when assessing the shoulder region?
a. Jumping to conclusions regarding the source of shoulder pain
50
Posterior Postural assessment: What are the possible causes of differences in the position of the inferior angle of the scapula?
a. Elevation or depression of the scapula and rotation of the scapula
51
Posterior Postural assessment: What posture might cause slightly protracted scapulae?
a. The kyphotic posture many people adopt when sitting
52
Posterior Postural assessment: What must the muscles of your neck do when you rotate your trunk one way?
b. They must contract to keep the head facing forward
53
Posterior Postural assessment: Why might manual workers have hypertrophy in muscles on one side?
a. Because they use that side to carry, lift or support heavy objects
54
Posterior Postural assessment: What problem might clients with one ear positioned slightly higher on one the side of the head than on the other have?
c. They might find it difficult to get glasses or sunglasses to fit properly
55
Posterior Postural assessment: What is being assessed in the "Muscle Bulk and tone" step?
a. Whether there is an increase or a decrease in muscle bulk on any part of the shoulders
56
Posterior Postural assessment: What is the term "winging" used to describe in relation to the scapula?
a. The tilting of the scapula against the rib cage such that the inferior angle becomes prominent
57
Posterior Postural assessment: What can cause scoliosis?
a. It can be congenital, the result of injury or altered biomechanics, or the result of a leg length discrepancy
58
Standard Anterior Alignment: Where should the plumb line be through in the lumbar spine?
c. Through the umbilicus (navel)
59
Standard Lateral Posture: What should be the status of the cervical spine's lordotic curve in the standard lateral posture?
C) Normal curve
60
Posterior plumbline: How should the arms be positioned in relation to the trunk?
B) Hanging equidistant from the trunk
61
Posterior Postural assessment: What are the possible causes of differences in the position of the scapular border?
a. Rotation of the scapula and adduction or abduction of the scapula
62
Posterior Postural assessment: What could contribute to one shoulder appearing higher than the other?
a. Shortening in levator scapulae and the upper fibers of the trapezius
63
Standard Anterior Alignment: Where should the plumb line be through in the ankle and feet?
c. Between the medial malleoli
64
Posterior Postural assessment: What might you observe on the anterior of the body in a client with an elevated scapula?
c. The raised clavicle on the elevated side
65
Standard Lateral Posture: How should the chest be positioned in the standard lateral posture?
C) Comfortably upright
66
Standard Lateral Posture: What is the reference line for assessing the neck alignment in the standard lateral posture?
A) Through the bodies of most of the cervical vertebrae
67
Posterior Postural assessment: What is being assessed in the "thoracic Spine" step?
a. Whether the thoracic spine is straight or shows evidence of scoliosis
68
Standard Anterior Alignment: Where should the plumb line be through in the pelvis?
a. Bisecting the pelvis
69
Posterior plumbline: What is the reference line for assessing the neck alignment?
A) Through midline of all cervical vertebrae
70
Posterior Postural assessment: What is an example of a possible source of scapular and upper limb pain other than the anatomical positions of these bony structures?
a. Cervical discs
71
Posterior Postural assessment: What can cause true winging?
a. Damage to the long thoracic nerve or the muscle itself
72
Posterior Postural assessment: What may clients with neck pain subconsciously do in an attempt to reduce their discomfort?
a. They may elevate their shoulder protectively
73
Posterior Postural assessment: What bones are attached at the acromioclavicular joint?
a. The clavicle and the scapula
74
Posterior Postural assessment: What could it mean if a vertebra appears to be out of alignment?
c. This factor could be contributing to the client’s problem and referral to an experienced physical therapist, osteopath or chiropractor may be appropriate
75
Posterior Postural assessment: What should be observed in the head and neck tilt step?
b. Whether the head is tilted to one side
76
Posterior Postural assessment: What is being observed in the "Scapular adduction and abduction" step?
a. The relationship between the medial borders of the scapulae and the client’s spine
77
Posterior Postural assessment: What is the first thing to look at in the given assessment?
c. The level of your client’s ears
78
Posterior Postural assessment: What should you be cautious about if you observe scoliosis in a client?
a. Revealing this information to the client
79
Posterior plumbline: What should be the level of the inferior angles of the scapulae?
C) Level
80
Posterior plumbline: What is the recommended alignment for the shoulders?
D) Both shoulders approximately level
81
Posterior plumbline: What should be the position of the scapulae in relation to the spine?
B) Equidistant from the spine
82
Standard Anterior Alignment: What is the general observation for the head?
b. The head should be facing forwards with no rotation and no lateral flexion.
83
Posterior Postural assessment: What does upward rotation of the scapula suggest?
a. Tension in the levator scapulae, rhomboid minor and the upper fibers of the trapezius, and weakness in the rhomboid major and the lower fibers of the trapezius
84
Posterior Postural assessment: What is a possible effect of a leg length discrepancy?
a. The pelvis tilts laterally and the spine is forced to compensate
85
Standard Anterior Alignment: What is the general observation for the thighs?
c. The femurs should be straight and with no internal or external rotation.
86
Standard Anterior Alignment: Where should the plumb line be through in the shoulders?
c. Through the manubrium, sternum, and xyphoid process
87
Posterior plumbline: Where should the Plumb Line pass through to assess the knees and legs alignment?
D) Knees
88
Standard Anterior Alignment: Where should the plumb line be through in the knees and legs?
b. Between the medial femoral condyles of the knees
89
Posterior plumbline: Which part of the body should the Plumb Line pass through to assess the pelvis and thigh alignment?
C) Pelvis
90
Posterior Postural assessment: What condition might right-handed archers often have?
a. Hypertrophied rhomboids on the right
91
Standard Anterior Alignment: What is the general observation for the knees and legs?
d. Knees should be level.
92
Standard Anterior Alignment: What is the general observation for the pelvis?
c. The ASIS should be level.
93
Posterior Postural assessment: What can your posterior postural assessment provide clues about?
a. The state of soft tissues on the anterior of the body
94
Posterior Postural assessment: What are you observing in the "Shoulder Height" step?
a. The level of your client’s shoulders
95
Posterior Postural assessment: What can result from shortened muscles on the side to which the neck is flexed?
a. The head is tilted to the right
96
Posterior Postural assessment: How common is the observation of true winging of the scapula?
d. It is not commonly observed
97
Posterior Postural assessment: How is the psoas muscle thought to be involved in the stability of the spine?
b. It may be more involved in stability of the spine, including rotation, than originally thought
98
Posterior Postural assessment: What is downward rotation of the scapula?
a. Downward movement of the glenoid fossa
99
Posterior Postural assessment: What might cause the scapula to tilt forwards so that the inferior angle becomes more prominent?
b. Shortening of muscles attaching to the anterior of the scapula
100
Posterior Postural assessment: What happens to the medial border when the scapulae rotates?
b. With upward rotation the medial border and inferior angle are abducted from the spine