問題一覧
1
In which direction does the longitudinal axis of the scapula generally run?
Dorsoventral
2
Which animals have a synsarcosis joint connecting the proximal scapula to the thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs?
Horses and ruminants
3
Which structure divides the lateral surface of the scapula into the supraspinatus and infraspinatus fossae?
Spina scapularis
4
What is the groove on the infraspinatus fossa that serves as a passageway for blood vessels?
Sulcus vascularis
5
How does the ratio between the supraspinatus and infraspinatus fossae vary in horses and ruminants?
Infraspinatus fossa is narrower in horses
6
What structure is present at the distal end of the spina scapularis, except in horses?
Acromion
7
Which border of the scapula is adjacent to cartilage called the cartilago scapula?
Dorsal border
8
What undergoes partial or complete ossification in older animals?
Cartilago scapula
9
In horses, what is the notch in the glenoid cavity called?
Incisura Glenoidales
10
What muscle is attached to the coracoid process in the glenoid angle?
Coracobrachialis muscle
11
How do the articular surface and the supraglenoid tubercle differ in dogs compared to other animals?
Fused in dogs
12
What structure is present at the distal border of the lateral surface, where it meets the scapular neck?
Nutrient foramen
13
What serves as the point of the shoulder in ruminants, as opposed to horses?
Lateral tuberosity of the humerus
14
In which animals does the spina scapularis tend to be located cranially?
Ruminants
15
What structure in the supraspinatus fossa can be palpated in live animals?
Spina scapularis
16
How does the spina scapularis differ in its location between horses and ruminants?
Caudal in horses, cranial in ruminants
17
What is the name of the structure formed by the middle part of the spine rounding off in the scapula?
Tuber spina
18
Which animals have a well-developed tuber spina that can be palpated superficially?
Horses and pigs
19
What is the purpose of the nutrient foramen found at the distal border of the lateral surface of the scapula?
Blood vessel passage
20
In older animals, what happens to the cartilago scapula?
Ossification
21
What muscle is involved in the formation of synsarcosis joints and is attached to the serrated surface on the medial surface of the scapula?
Serratus ventralis muscle
22
What part of the scapula is thick and rough, representing the junction between the caudal side of the caudal border and the dorsal border?
Caudal angle
23
Which border of the scapula is slightly convex and has a smooth distal part?
Dorsal border
24
What is the smooth depression dominating the medial surface of the scapula called?
Subscapular fossa
25
What is the small protrusion on the medial supraglenoid tubercle attached to the Coracobrachialis muscle?
Coracoid process
26
In small ruminants, how is the supraglenoid tubercle related to the glenoid cavity?
Covered by the glenoid cavity
27
What does the supraglenoid tubercle and the coracoid process have in common regarding ossification centers?
Two different ossification centers
28
At what angle does the humerus form with the horizontal plane of the body?
55
29
What structures make up the proximal extremity of the humerus?
Humerus head, neck, and tuberosities
30
Which muscle attaches to the musculospiral groove on the lateral surface of the humerus in carnivores?
Brachialis
31
What is the function of the intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove?
attachment site of M.Biceps Brachii
32
In which animals is the intermediate tuberculum prominently visible?
Horses
33
How does the humeral shaft of carnivores tend to form?
“S” shape
34
What is the prominent rough projection on the medial surface of the humerus, visible in horses?
Teres major tuberosity
35
Where is the nutrient foramen located in the humerus of ruminants?
Caudal surface
36
What separates the cranial and lateral surfaces of the humerus?
Crista humeri
37
In which animals is the deltoid tuberosity prominent at the distal end of the humerus?
Carnivores and small pigs
38
What is the groove separating the trochlea and capitulum at the distal end of the humerus?
Intercondylar sulcus
39
Which part of the humerus articulates with the radius in the distal end?
Capitulum
40
What does the epicondylaris lateralis serve as an attachment point for?
Extensor carpi and digitalis muscles
41
What is the function of the olecranon fossa?
Elbow point representation
42
In what animals is the trochlea larger than the capitulum?
Ruminants
43
What is the name of the depression on the cranial part of the distal end of the humerus?
Radial fossa
44
What distinguishes the humerus of cats regarding the medial epicondyle?
Perforation & oval
45
Where does the Brachialis muscle attach on the humerus?
Musculospiral groove
46
What is the name of the groove on the caudal side of the intertubercular sulcus?
Brachial groove
47
What is the attachment site for the tendon of the Biceps brachii muscle?
Intertubercular sulcus
48
What is the function of the lateral supracondylar crest on the humerus?
Muscle attachment
49
What joint is formed by the radius, ulna, and humerus?
Elbow joint
50
Where is the Spatium Interrosseus Antebrachii found?
Gap between radius and ulna
51
What is the articular surface between the proximal end of the radius and the humerus called?
Fovea capitularis
52
Which muscle attaches to the olecranon tuberosity of the ulna?
Triceps brachii
53
What is the projection on the medial side of the distal end of the radius in carnivores called?
Styloid process
54
What structure forms a joint with the trochlea of the humerus bone on the ulna?
Semilunar notch
55
In horses, at what age do the ossification points of the ulnar body and radial body fuse?
One year
56
What characterizes the ulnar body in cows regarding its distal extension?
Extends completely distally
57
In pigs, what covers the caudal surface of the ulna, except for the interosseous space?
Strong collagen tissue
58
Where is the interosseous space seen in cows?
Both proximal and distal ends
59
What is the role of the Pronator quadratus muscle in dogs?
Separates the ulnar and radial bodies
60
In pigs, which carpal bone articulates with the lateral styloid process of the ulna?
Accessory carpal bone & Ulnar carpal bone
61
What is the lateral projection on the distal end of the ulna in horses called?
Styloid process
62
In dogs, how is the ulna positioned relative to the radius bone?
Distally and coiled
63
What is the smooth surface at the distal part of the anconeus process on the ulna called?
Semilunar notch
64
What connects the ulnar body and radial body in horses?
Ligament
65
Which animal doesn’t have a distinct tuberositas radialis at the proximal end of the radius?
Ruminants
66
How many carpal bones are typically found in animals?
6-8
67
Which structure connects the lateral side (OC-A) with the medial side, forming the carpal canal?
Flexor retinaculum
68
What is the joint formed by the metacarpal bones and proximal phalanx bone called?
Metacarpophalangeal joint
69
What is the function of the suspensory ligament in larger animals?
Connects metacarpal and sesamoid bones
70
In horses, which metacarpal bones are developed?
II, III, IV
71
What is observed on the dorsomedial aspect of metacarpal bone III in horses?
Tuberculum
72
What separates the metacarpal condyles in ruminants?
Intercondylar sulcus
73
How many metacarpal bones do dogs and cats typically have?
5
74
What covers the palmar part of the metacarpal head in dogs and cats?
Capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint
75
What covers the palmar part of the metacarpal head in dogs and cats?
Capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint
76
What is the primary function of the navicular bone in horses?
Aid in the movement of flexor muscle tendons
77
How many sesamoid bones are found in horses?
Three
78
In ruminants, how many sesamoid bones are typically found proximally?
Four
79
How many carpal bones are typically found in the proximal row?
4
80
What is the function of the suspensory ligament in horses?
Support for the metacarpophalangeal joint
81
In ruminants, which two metacarpal bones are developed and united?
III and IV
82
What is the primary function of the ungulare bone in horses?
Form the hoof
83
In horses, how many surfaces does the volar surface of the ungulare bone have?
2
84
In ruminants, where is the intercondylar sulcus located?
Between metacarpal condyles
85
What is the primary function of the sesamoid bones in dogs and cats?
Connect to the digit bone
86
Where is the dorsal part of the sesamoid attached in dogs and cats?
By the tendon of the extensor muscle
87
How are carpal bones classified in terms of rows?
Proximal and distal
88
What structure connects the lateral side (OC-A) with the medial side of the carpal bones, forming the carpal canal?
Flexor retinaculum
89
What is the joint formed by metacarpal bones and proximal phalanx bones known as?
Metacarpophalangeal joint
90
How many sesamoid bones are found on the distal end of the metacarpal bone?
2
91
In horses, which metacarpal bones undergo reduction?
II and IV
92
What is the small protuberance observed on the dorsomedial aspect of metacarpal bone III in horses called?
Tuberculum metacarpal
93
In ruminants, which metacarpal bones are developed and separated by a longitudinal sulcus?
III and IV
94
How many metacarpal bones are found in dogs and cats?
Five
95
What is the distal end of the metacarpal bone called?
Condylus metacarpal
96
What is the purpose of sesamoid bones in larger animals, such as horses?
Attachment for Interosseus muscle tendons
97
What is the name of the bone located between the metacarpal bone and coronale bone?
Os compedale
98
How many proximal sesamoid bones are usually found in horses?
2
99
What is the function of the flat surface of the navicular bone in horses?
Movement of flexor muscle tendons