it is the study of society and is concerned with people in groups, their interactions, attitudes and behaviours

refers to patterns of social organization of and within communities

is the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual, and emotional features of society or social group that encompasses, not only art and literature, but lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs (UNESCO, 2009).

refers to changes in the arts, artefacts, customs, rituals, and architecture of a people.

refers to changes in the lives of people living in destination communities.

Under the tangible (perceptible by touch) category, there are six domains:

the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills-as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts, and cultural spaces associated therewith-that communities, groups an, in some cases, individuals recognized as part of their cultural heritage” (UNESCO)

aspects of culture are significantly affected by tourism development:

Products which have utilitarian, aesthetic, artistic, creative, culturally attached, decorative, functional, traditional, religiously, and socially symbolic and significance (UNESCO-ITC, 1997).

Combined natural and human works and express a long and intimate relationship between people and their natural environment (UNESCO, 2007)

Geological and physiographical formations and designated area that constitute the habitat of threatened animal plant species and sites that have values for science, conservation, or natural beauty (UNESCO, 1972) (nature parks and reserves, zoos, aquaria, botanical garden).

Include all expressions of live cultural events (theatre, dance, opera and puppetry, festivals, fairs, musical performances).

states that when two cultures come into contact for any length of time, an exchange of ideas and products will take place that, through time, produce varying levels of convergence between cultures; that is they become similar

defined as those changes that occur in a culture through borrowing from other cultures. These may include technology, language, and values.

is the tendency of world cultures to become alike.

5 POSITIVE IMPACTS OF TOURISM ON CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Residents develop an increase sense of emotional well-being when they are able to meet tourists from many countries in order to learn about their culture.

Tourism helps keep culture alive by preserving traditional art forms, maintaining cultural identity and transmitting beliefs and rituals to the next generation (Chen 2000 in Kim et al. 2013).

Heightens self-awareness as it makes both residents and tourist more conscious of their cultural values, practices, and heritages.

The tourism industry requires many facilities/ infrastructure to meet the needs of the tourist which means that many developments in an area as a result of tourism will be available for use by the locals also.

Tourism can empower formerly disenfranchised stakeholders such as the poor, women, and indigenous people.

This happens when tourists influence the behaviour of the host population due to the introduction of foreign ideologies and ways of life into societies or communities that have not been exposed to lifestyles of tourists.

Cohen (2004) defined commodification as a process by which things and activities are evaluated in monetary value in a trade context thereby becoming goods and services.

the host community strives to convince the tourists that the festivals and activities being performed are authentic while they still ensure that the tourists do not manage to penetrate behind the stage curtains (Archer et al., 2005; Cooper et al., 2008).

sexual exploitation and/or prostitution has grown rapidly as tourism it is argued that tourism development has created locations and environments which attract prostitutes and their clients.

large numbers of tourists in a tourist area usually provides the source for illegal activities including drug trafficking, robbery and violence.

where most better paying and managerial jobs are occupied by expatriates

Migrants to tourist destinations are targets of ill-feelings by residents because they take away jobs from locals.

orced communities to move from their traditional settlements to pave way for the construction of tourist facilities and establishments and wildlife management

Overcrowding and loss of amenities for residents .

Many tour operators fund humanitarian projects and schools as part of their corporate social responsibility.

TYPES & EXAMPLES OF TOURIST IMPACT INDICATORS: