microbiology 201-290

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It is a membrane attacking complex of the complement system:

C5-C9

Activation of the complement system by antibodies occurs:

during activation by the classical way

Opsonization:

the combination of the phagocytosed object with immunoglobulins and complement

III type hypersensitivity reactions are related to:

Arthus reaction.

III type of hypersensitivity reactions refers:

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Inactivated vaccines include:

from killed microorganisms

Live vaccines consist of:

from microorganisms with weakened virulence

Immunity formed after injection of immune serum:

is artificially acquired passive immunity

To prepare killed vaccines, it is used in the inactivation of microorganisms:

from chemical factors or high temperature

Live vaccines include:

from microorganisms with weakened virulence

Which conditions are more suitable for preparing live vaccines:

long-term cultivation in artificial nutrient media

Anatoxin can be used in the prevention of which disease?

diphtheria

Immune (anti) serum:

is a serum containing antibodies

Antitoxic serum is not used in the treatment of which disease:

enteric fever

Vaccines are obtained:

from microorganisms and their antigens

Recombinant vaccines are obtained by:

transfer of genes that ensure the synthesis of immunodominant antigens of microorganisms to producer cells through a vector

Injection of vaccines causes:

to the induction of a specific immune response

A man in his twenties presents in the emergency room withshortness of breath and fatigue. He is also very pale. Two daysearlier he was given penicillin for an infection. He had penicillinpreviously without problems and stated that he had “noallergy” to penicillin. Laboratory testing shows that antibodiesto penicillin are present in the patient’s serum and thathe is breaking down his own red blood cells. He is diagnosedwith immune hemolytic anemia. The patient has which type ofhypersensitivity reaction?

Type II

Which of the following laboratory assays can be used to detectthe number and types of immune cells in the peripheral blood?

Flow cytometry

Which one of the following laboratory assays is considered to bean in vitro counterpart of the type IV hypersensitivity reactionsseen in the TB skin test?

IFN-γ production by white blood cell (WBC) treated with TB antigen

IgE-mediated histamine release is classified as what type ofhypersensitivity reaction?

Type I

T cell associatedhypersensitivity reaction:

Type IV

A hypersensitivity reaction associated with a tuberculin reaction includes:

Type IV

Prepared from microorganisms with weakened virulence:

live vaccines

Chemical vaccines consist of:

individual antigens of a microbial cell

Recombinant vaccines are obtained by:

genetic engineering

Anatoxins consist of:

bacterial exotoxins that have lost their toxigenicity

For the preparation of toxoid:

0. 4% formaldehyde is added to bacterial exotoxins and incubated at 37°C for 3-4 weeks

Toxoids can be used to prevent what diseases:

diphtheria

Immune sera contain:

antibodies

The mechanism of therapeutic action of immune serum:

neutralization of the microbe or its toxin

Therapeutic and prophylactic effect of immune serum is associated with:

with specific antibodies

Immune serum is obtained:

from the blood of hyperimmunized animals

Antitoxic serums are not used in the treatment of what diseases?

typhoid fever

Serum are used:

in the serological identification of microorganisms

Serum are used:

in serological reactions

Vaccines are obtained from:

microorganisms and their antigens

Introduction of vaccines into the body:

leads to the induction of a specific immune response

Anaerobic bacteria such as B fragilis occur in the sigmoid colon in a concentration of about 1011/g of stool. At what concentration do facultative organisms such as E coli occur?

108/g

A 65-year-old woman was admitted with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. She underwent extensive gynecologic surgery and was maintained postoperatively on broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. The patient had a central venous catheter placed on the day of surgery. Beginning 3 days postoperatively, the patient became febrile. On day 8, cultures of blood and of the tip of the central line both grew gram-positive organisms that were ovoid and reproduced by budding. Which of the following microorganisms is most likely responsible for the patient’s condition?

C albicans

A 65-year-old woman was admitted with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. She underwent extensive gynecologic surgery and was maintained postoperatively on broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. The patient had a central venous catheter placed on the day of surgery. Beginning 3 days postoperatively, the patient became febrile. On day 8, cultures of blood and of the tip of the central line both grew gram-positive organisms that were ovoid and reproduced by budding. The most likely portal of entry for the organism is?

During placement of the central venous catheter

Certain microorganisms are never considered to be members of the normal flora. They are always considered to be pathogens. Which one of the following organisms fits into that category?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Which one of the following microorganisms can be part of the normal vaginal flora and cause meningitis in newborns?

Group B streptococci

S pneumoniae can be part of the normal flora of 5–40% of people. At what anatomic site can it be found?

Nasopharynx

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of diphtheria toxin?

Inhibits elongation factor 2

Which of the following statements is correct?

Lipopolysaccharide is part of the cell wall of E coli.

Which of the following statements about lipopolysaccharide is correct?

It interacts with macrophages and monocytes yielding release of cytokines.

Which two cytokines play an important role in attracting neutrophils to the site of an infection?

IL-8 and IL-17

IFN-α and IFN-β are produced by the virus-infected cell due to the interaction of virus nucleic acid with which of the following?

TLR pathway

What is a characteristic of the adaptive immune response and not of the innate response?

Clonal expansion of effector cells

Endoflagella is characteristic for:

Treponema

The motility is characterisic for:

Treponema

Disinfection is:

the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms

RNA - genome viruses:

paramyxoviruses

RNA - genome viruses:

orthomyxoviruses

RNA - genome viruses:

togaviruses

Used in microbiological investigation of air: 1) Flotation method 2) Filtration 3) Sedimentation 4) Aspiration

3, 4

Belong to sanitary-indicative microorganisms of air: 1) Escherichia coli 2) Bordetella pertussis 3) Staphylococcus aureus 4) Haemophilus influenzae

only 3

Determined when the sanitary-microbiological examination of soil: 1) Titr spore-forming bacteria; 2) General number of bacteria in one gram of soil; 3) Titr sanitary-indicative microorganisms; 4) Titr causative agent of anthrax;

2, 3

Sanitary-indicative microorganisms of soil: 1)Escherichia coli 2) Clostridium perfringens 3) Clostridium tetani 4) Bacillus anthracis

1, 2

Do not belong to the function of normal microflora:

participation in the respiration processes

Belong to sanitary-indicative microorganisms of water: 1) Escherichia coli 2) Clostridium perfringens 3) Clostridium tetani 4) Bacillus anthracis

only 1

The sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics determined by disk diffusion method is evaluated based on:

the diameter of the sterile zone

The minimum bactericidal concentration of antibiotic is:

the least amount of antibiotic contributing to destruction of microorganisms

The minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotic is:

the least amount of antibiotic for stopping the growth of microorganisms

The medium for cultivation of anaerobes:

Kitt-Tarozzi medium

Rickettsia, Chlamydia and Viruses:

are cultivated in cell culture

Is occurred in the stationary phase of bacterial growth:

the equality of dividing and dying cells

Persistence of viruses:

is the long-term storage in the host cell

Is cultivated in vivo: 1) Rickettsia 2) Chlamydia 3) Actinomyces 4) Mycoplasma 5) Viruses

1, 2, 5

During the passive diffusion nutrients penetrate into microbial cells:

due to the difference in osmotic pressure

What properties include the size and shape of bacterial cells?

morphological properties

Pure culture obtaining is based on:

the mechanical separation of bacterial cells

Culture characteristics of bacteria include:

the character of growth on nutrient media

The lag phase of bacterial growth includes:

adaptation to new environment

The pathological material from patient was inoculated to different nutrient media and incubated for 3 days at appropriate temperature using anaerobic jar. Which microorganisms will grow as a result?

obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes

Colonia of bacteria is:

the population of bacteria on solid media surface

The differential-diagnostic medium is used for:

detection of the biochemical activity for bacterial identification

Antiseptic medication of heavy metal salts:

silver nitrate

Which concentration of ethyl alcohol is used as antiseptic:

60-70%-solution

The mechanism of antimicrobial action of ethyl alcohol:

the denaturation of microbial protein

Antiseptic preparation from the dyes group:

ethacridine lactate

Antiseptic medication of halogens:

tincture iodine

Elimination of microorganisms from the skin, mucous membranes and wound surfaces is called:

antisepsis

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