It is a membrane attacking complex of the complement system:

Activation of the complement system by antibodies occurs:

Opsonization:

III type hypersensitivity reactions are related to:

III type of hypersensitivity reactions refers:

Inactivated vaccines include:

Live vaccines consist of:

Immunity formed after injection of immune serum:

To prepare killed vaccines, it is used in the inactivation of microorganisms:

Live vaccines include:

Which conditions are more suitable for preparing live vaccines:

Anatoxin can be used in the prevention of which disease?

Immune (anti) serum:

Antitoxic serum is not used in the treatment of which disease:

Vaccines are obtained:

Recombinant vaccines are obtained by:

Injection of vaccines causes:

A man in his twenties presents in the emergency room withshortness of breath and fatigue. He is also very pale. Two daysearlier he was given penicillin for an infection. He had penicillinpreviously without problems and stated that he had “noallergy” to penicillin. Laboratory testing shows that antibodiesto penicillin are present in the patient’s serum and thathe is breaking down his own red blood cells. He is diagnosedwith immune hemolytic anemia. The patient has which type ofhypersensitivity reaction?

Which of the following laboratory assays can be used to detectthe number and types of immune cells in the peripheral blood?

Which one of the following laboratory assays is considered to bean in vitro counterpart of the type IV hypersensitivity reactionsseen in the TB skin test?

IgE-mediated histamine release is classified as what type ofhypersensitivity reaction?

T cell associatedhypersensitivity reaction:

A hypersensitivity reaction associated with a tuberculin reaction includes:

Prepared from microorganisms with weakened virulence:

Chemical vaccines consist of:

Recombinant vaccines are obtained by:

Anatoxins consist of:

For the preparation of toxoid:

Toxoids can be used to prevent what diseases:

Immune sera contain:

The mechanism of therapeutic action of immune serum:

Therapeutic and prophylactic effect of immune serum is associated with:

Immune serum is obtained:

Antitoxic serums are not used in the treatment of what diseases?

Serum are used:

Serum are used:

Vaccines are obtained from:

Introduction of vaccines into the body:

Anaerobic bacteria such as B fragilis occur in the sigmoid colon in a concentration of about 1011/g of stool. At what concentration do facultative organisms such as E coli occur?

A 65-year-old woman was admitted with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. She underwent extensive gynecologic surgery and was maintained postoperatively on broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. The patient had a central venous catheter placed on the day of surgery. Beginning 3 days postoperatively, the patient became febrile. On day 8, cultures of blood and of the tip of the central line both grew gram-positive organisms that were ovoid and reproduced by budding. Which of the following microorganisms is most likely responsible for the patient’s condition?

A 65-year-old woman was admitted with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. She underwent extensive gynecologic surgery and was maintained postoperatively on broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. The patient had a central venous catheter placed on the day of surgery. Beginning 3 days postoperatively, the patient became febrile. On day 8, cultures of blood and of the tip of the central line both grew gram-positive organisms that were ovoid and reproduced by budding. The most likely portal of entry for the organism is?

Certain microorganisms are never considered to be members of the normal flora. They are always considered to be pathogens. Which one of the following organisms fits into that category?

Which one of the following microorganisms can be part of the normal vaginal flora and cause meningitis in newborns?

S pneumoniae can be part of the normal flora of 5–40% of people. At what anatomic site can it be found?

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of diphtheria toxin?

Which of the following statements is correct?

Which of the following statements about lipopolysaccharide is correct?

Which two cytokines play an important role in attracting neutrophils to the site of an infection?

IFN-α and IFN-β are produced by the virus-infected cell due to the interaction of virus nucleic acid with which of the following?

What is a characteristic of the adaptive immune response and not of the innate response?

Endoflagella is characteristic for:

The motility is characterisic for:

Disinfection is:

RNA - genome viruses:

RNA - genome viruses:

RNA - genome viruses:

Used in microbiological investigation of air: 1) Flotation method 2) Filtration 3) Sedimentation 4) Aspiration

Belong to sanitary-indicative microorganisms of air: 1) Escherichia coli 2) Bordetella pertussis 3) Staphylococcus aureus 4) Haemophilus influenzae

Determined when the sanitary-microbiological examination of soil: 1) Titr spore-forming bacteria; 2) General number of bacteria in one gram of soil; 3) Titr sanitary-indicative microorganisms; 4) Titr causative agent of anthrax;

Sanitary-indicative microorganisms of soil: 1)Escherichia coli 2) Clostridium perfringens 3) Clostridium tetani 4) Bacillus anthracis

Do not belong to the function of normal microflora:

Belong to sanitary-indicative microorganisms of water: 1) Escherichia coli 2) Clostridium perfringens 3) Clostridium tetani 4) Bacillus anthracis

The sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics determined by disk diffusion method is evaluated based on:

The minimum bactericidal concentration of antibiotic is:

The minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotic is:

The medium for cultivation of anaerobes:

Rickettsia, Chlamydia and Viruses:

Is occurred in the stationary phase of bacterial growth:

Persistence of viruses:

Is cultivated in vivo: 1) Rickettsia 2) Chlamydia 3) Actinomyces 4) Mycoplasma 5) Viruses

During the passive diffusion nutrients penetrate into microbial cells:

What properties include the size and shape of bacterial cells?

Pure culture obtaining is based on:

Culture characteristics of bacteria include:

The lag phase of bacterial growth includes:

The pathological material from patient was inoculated to different nutrient media and incubated for 3 days at appropriate temperature using anaerobic jar. Which microorganisms will grow as a result?

Colonia of bacteria is:

The differential-diagnostic medium is used for:

Antiseptic medication of heavy metal salts:

Which concentration of ethyl alcohol is used as antiseptic:

The mechanism of antimicrobial action of ethyl alcohol:

Antiseptic preparation from the dyes group:

Antiseptic medication of halogens:

Elimination of microorganisms from the skin, mucous membranes and wound surfaces is called: