survey

24問 • 1年前

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is the process of directly or indirectly measuring vertical distances to determine the elevation of points or their differences in elevation

leveling

is a curved surface which is at any point perpendicular to the direction of gravity or the plumb line. It is best represented by the surface of a large body of still water. However, a level surface is not a plane and does not have a regular form because of the deviation of the plumb bob

level surface

is a curve line in a level surface all points of which are normal to the direction of gravity and equidistant from the center of the earth

level line

is plane that is tangent to a level surface at a particular point. It is also perpendicular to the plumb line at the same pointis plane that is tangent to a level surface at a particular point. It is also perpendicular to the plumb line at the same point

horizontal surface

is a straight line in a horizontal plane which is tangent to a level line at one point. This is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at the point of tangency

horizontal line

is a line parallel to the direction of gravity. It is exemplified by the direction taken by a string supporting a suspended plumb bob passing through a point

vertical line

is an imaginary surface of the sea which is midway between high and low tides. It is taken as reference surface to which most ground elevations are referred

mean sea level

is any convenient level surface coinciding or parallel with mean sea level to which elevations of a particular area are referred

datum

is the vertical distance above or below the mean sea level or any other selected datum. It is either positive or negative, depending if the point is above or below the mean sea level

elevation

is the vertical distance between the two-level surfaces in which the points lie

difference in elevation

The process of determining the difference in elevation between two points or more points some distance apart

differential leveling

is a fixed point of reference whose elevation is either known or assumed. They may be permanent or temporary

bench mark

is a reading taken on a rod held on point of known or assumed elevation

backsight

is a reading taken on a rod held on a point whose elevation is to be determined

foresight

is an intervening point between two bench marks upon which point foresight and backsight rod readings are taken to enable a leveling operation to continue

turning point

is the elevation of a line of sight of an instrument above or below a selected datum

height of instrument

This method of leveling is used to determine the differences in elevation between points at designated short measured intervals along an established line to provide data from which a vertical section of the ground can be plotted. In the design of roads, railroads, canals, drainage systems, and transmission lines, it is necessary to first obtain a profile of the existing ground surface.

profile leveling

is a curve line which graphically portrays the intersection a vertical plane with the surface of the earth. It depicts ground elevations of selected critical points along a surveyed line and the horizontal distance between these pointsis a curve line which graphically portrays the intersection a vertical plane with the surface of the earth. It depicts ground elevations of selected critical points along a surveyed line and the horizontal distance between these points

profile

is a numerical designation given in terms of horizontal distance any point along a profile line away from the starting point.

stationing

are also known as ground rod readings, taken along the centerline of the proposed project to provide an accurate representation of the ground surface. These are observed at regular intervals and at points where sudden changes in elevation occu

intermediate fore sights

are points which are established along the profile route at uniformly measured distances. These points are usually made in multiples of 100, 50, 30, 20 or 10 meters

full stations

are other intermediate points established along a profile level route which is not designated as a full station. These points are taken at breaks in the ground surface slope and at critical points such as the intended location of culverts, bridges and other structures

plus stations

is the process of drawing the vertical scale for profile much larger than the horizontal scale in order to accentuate the differences in elevation

vertical exaggeration

is a special heavy grade paper used for plotting profile

profile paper

bilat ni muski

KRYZL CHARYNE MICU · 54問 · 1年前

bilat ni muski