a procedure by wich solutes are separated by a differential migration process in a system consisting of 2 or more phases

• Indicates the amount of each substance in the sample • Exact amount or proportion of component (expressed in 1% purity and compared to official compendia) • E.g., Gravimetric, Volumetric, Physicochemical and Special methods of analysis

for quantitative determination of metals

-chemical -biological -physical

• Reveals the identity of the sample elements and compounds in a sample • Presence or absence of a component • E.g., USP ID Tests

780-3000

moles of solute per kilogrm of solvent

separate solids from mixtures

180-380

HgCl2+I2

550-700

380-780

volatile oils

uv-vis; ir; ms; chromatography

3000-15000

functional group that absorbs maximum radiation in the uv or visible regions

results are directly proportional to the concentration of the sample

ash content, water content, constannt for fats and fixed oils

saponify the esters

single chemical species (total caffeine content in coffee beans)

resideu after boiling the total ash with 3N HCl and ignniting the remaining insoluble matter

total class of plant principles (total alkaloid compounds in coffee beans)

for quantitative and qualitative analysis

-due to uncontrollable variables -variations in a series of observations (same observer) -affect measure pprecision -intermediate

suction drawing out fluids or removing obstruction

alcohol content

mole of solute per liter of solution

difference in weight between total ash and residue after treatment of total ash with water

-with definite value and identifiable cause -same magnitude or replicate measurements made the same way -it can lead to bias and can affect accuracy of results -determinte

substance used to standardize the titrant

capacity to remain unaffected by variations -ruggedness

iodine absorbed

each constituent

aldehyde and ketone content

bolling point, melting point, optical purity, refractive index

functional group which does not give rise to an absorption band by itself, but upon being attached to a chromophore

for determination of functional groups

1000-1200

potency or effectiveness of drugs

proximate assay, ultimate assay

selected or trace compounds

titration, gravimetry

iodobromide ts

55-550

1200-1600

quantitative analysis involving the separation of the analyte from the sample by physical or chemical means and mass is then measured of the analyte, reaction product, and/or sample

filters compounds

15000-30000

neutralize and saponify the esters

iodochloride ts

-chemical/general method -instrrumental -special methods

for structure elucidation

titration with sulfuric acid

for analysis of gaseous ions

closeness of result and the true value

residue left after inceniration of an organic material which represents the amount of inorganic impurity

determination of the concentration of the titrant

chemical reagents

conversion of ammonium into ammonia

800-1000

conversion of organic N into ammonium by adding sulfuric acid

-occur onlyoccasionally, are often large, and may cause a result of either high or low -often a product of human error

equivalents of solute pr liter of solution

solvent extraction

assess the sample in the presence of other components

proximate partial, complete

closeness of the result to each other

neutralize free acids