• Reveals the identity of the sample elements and compounds in a sample • Presence or absence of a component • E.g., USP ID Tests

• Indicates the amount of each substance in the sample • Exact amount or proportion of component (expressed in 1% purity and compared to official compendia) • E.g., Gravimetric, Volumetric, Physicochemical and Special methods of analysis

proximate assay, ultimate assay

proximate partial, complete

total class of plant principles (total alkaloid compounds in coffee beans)

single chemical species (total caffeine content in coffee beans)

selected or trace compounds

each constituent

-chemical/general method -instrrumental -special methods

-chemical -biological -physical

titration, gravimetry

uv-vis; ir; ms; chromatography

ash content, water content, constannt for fats and fixed oils

chemical reagents

bolling point, melting point, optical purity, refractive index

potency or effectiveness of drugs

-due to uncontrollable variables -variations in a series of observations (same observer) -affect measure pprecision -intermediate

-with definite value and identifiable cause -same magnitude or replicate measurements made the same way -it can lead to bias and can affect accuracy of results -determinte

-occur onlyoccasionally, are often large, and may cause a result of either high or low -often a product of human error

closeness of result and the true value

closeness of the result to each other

results are directly proportional to the concentration of the sample

capacity to remain unaffected by variations -ruggedness

assess the sample in the presence of other components

determination of the concentration of the titrant

substance used to standardize the titrant

quantitative analysis involving the separation of the analyte from the sample by physical or chemical means and mass is then measured of the analyte, reaction product, and/or sample

suction drawing out fluids or removing obstruction

separate solids from mixtures

filters compounds

solvent extraction

functional group that absorbs maximum radiation in the uv or visible regions

functional group which does not give rise to an absorption band by itself, but upon being attached to a chromophore

180-380

380-780

780-3000

3000-15000

15000-30000

for analysis of gaseous ions

for structure elucidation

for quantitative and qualitative analysis

for determination of functional groups

for quantitative determination of metals

a procedure by wich solutes are separated by a differential migration process in a system consisting of 2 or more phases

alcohol content

aldehyde and ketone content

volatile oils

neutralize free acids

saponify the esters

neutralize and saponify the esters

iodine absorbed

iodobromide ts

iodochloride ts

HgCl2+I2

residue left after inceniration of an organic material which represents the amount of inorganic impurity

resideu after boiling the total ash with 3N HCl and ignniting the remaining insoluble matter

difference in weight between total ash and residue after treatment of total ash with water

55-550

550-700

800-1000

1000-1200

1200-1600

conversion of organic N into ammonium by adding sulfuric acid

conversion of ammonium into ammonia

titration with sulfuric acid

mole of solute per liter of solution

moles of solute per kilogrm of solvent

equivalents of solute pr liter of solution