CLASSIFICATION - make use of a single water or alcohol based dye - to demonstrate the shape and basic structures of the organism.

CLASSIFICATIONS - are used to distinguish one group of bacteria from another group. - Gram stain - Acid fast stain

CLASSIFICATION are mainly used to demonstrate specific bacterial structures: - spores (Dorner or Schaeffer Fulton) - flagella (Fischer& Conn) - capsule (Hiss stain) - metachromatic granules (LAMB stain)

GRAM STAIN - stain blue or purple

GRAM STAIN stain red or pink

all cocci are gram positive except:

all bacilli are gram negative except:

GRAM POSITIVE (COCCI)

GRAM POSITIVE (BACILLI)

GRAM NEGATIVE (COCCI)

GRAM NEGATIVE (SPIRAL)

EXCEPTIONS

EXCEPTION - weakly gram-positive - stain better with a special stain called theacid-fast stain tuberculosis and leprosy

EXCEPTION - have a gram-negative cell wall - too small to be seen with the light microscope - must be visualized with a special darkfield microscope

EXCEPTION - do not have a cell wall - They only have a simple cell membrane - They are neither gram-positive or gram-negative

SPECIAL STAIN capsule or slime layer

SPECIAL STAIN cell wall

SPECIAL STAIN Flagella

SPECIAL STAIN Spores

SPECIAL STAIN capsule of the fungus

ACCORDING TO CHEMICAL COMPOSITON - contain chemically defined substances which are PURE ORGANIC AND/OR INORGANIC COMPOUND - The precise chemical composition of a synthetic medium is known. - may be simple or complex, depending on what supplement is added to it.

ACCORDING TO CHEMICAL COMPOSITON - complex media that contain at ATLEAST 1 INGREDIENT that is not chemically defined, which means that it is neither a simple or pure compound. - Most are extracts of ANIMALS, PLANTS, or YEAST. - can support the growth of more fastidious organisms.

ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONAL TYPE - for primary isolation of a broad spectrum of microbes - contain a mixture of nutrients that support the growth of both pathogenic and non pathogenic organisms Examples are peptone water, nutrient broth, and nutrient agar.

ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONAL TYPE - contain complex organic substances such as blood, serum, or special growth factors - are designed to increase the number of desired microorganisms without stimulating the rest of the bacterial population - used to grow fastidious or nutritionally exacting bacteria.

ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONAL TYPE - contain one or more substances that encourage the growth of only a specific target microorganism and inhibit the growth of others - designed to prevent the growth of unwanted contaminating bacteria or commensals - only the target bacteria will grow. - Examples of approaches that will make the medium selective include - changing the pH of the culture medium - adding substances such as antibiotics, dyes, or other chemicals.

ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONAL TYPE - allow the growth of several types of microorganisms. - designed to show visible differences among certain groups of microorganisms - differences may be in the form of variations in: - colony size or color - changes in color of culture media - formation of precipitates or gas bubbles - allow the growth of more than one target microorganism that demonstrate morphologic variations in colony morphology - Examples include MacConkey’s agar and Triple Sugar Iron agar.

ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONAL TYPE - used for clinical specimens that need to be transported to the laboratory immediately after collection - prevent the drying of specimen - inhibit the overgrowth of commensals and contaminating organisms. - Charcoal is added to neutralize inhibitory factors

ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONAL TYPE - used specifically for organisms that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen and require reduced oxidation reduction potential and other nutrients. -supplemented with nutrients such as vitamin K and hemin. undergo boiling to remove dissolved oxygen

The hemolytic patterns are: - shows complete lysis of red blood cells resulting in complete clearing around the colonies.

The hemolytic patterns are: - shows incomplete lysis of red blood cells, producing a greenish discoloration of the blood agar around the colonies.

The hemolytic patterns are: - shows no hemolysis, resulting in no change in the medium.