Pioneered nursing practices and education, emphasizing clean environment for patient recovery

Progressed through different eras, initially starting as a vocational course

Nursing practice based on handed-down principles and traditions.

Focused on standardized curricula for diploma programs in nursing.

Emphasized problem studies and the role of nurses in research

Focused on developing knowledge for nursing practice through graduate education

Highlighted the guidance of nursing research and practice by theories.

Emphasized the need for new theories to enhance quality care in nursing.

Includes person, health, environment, and nursing concepts in nursing models.

Discipline vs Profession

Branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge and how it is acquired.

Philosophical belief that knowledge is acquired through reason and logic.

Philosophical belief that knowledge is gained through sensory experience.

Utilizes deductive reasoning from cause to effect or general to particular.

An object is considered real based on being seen, felt, smelled, tasted, or heard.

Involves fundamental experimentation in research.

Reasoning from specific observations to make general conclusions.

The dominant view in modern science emphasizing empirical research and logical analysis.

Reduces observations to the meanings of phenomena, focusing on lived experiences.

Involves creating a systematic view of a phenomenon for description, explanation, prediction, and control.

Words or phrases representing observed or experienced phenomena in theories.

Independent of a specific time and place, e.g., CHS.

Specific to a time or place, e.g., Nursing, Pharmacy.

Belong to specific categories or classes of phenomena.

Represent gradations across a continuum, e.g., pain, health-illness.

Establish meaning in theories, similar to dictionary definitions

Define how concepts are used within the context of a phenomenon for measurement.

Statements in theories that state relations among concepts.

Relate concepts to each other in theories for analysis.

Relate concepts to measurements in theories.

Organize theoretical and operational statements to provide rationale and consistency in theories.

Describes a consistent and universal relationship among phenomena in nature.

A statement of fact that aims to explain, in brief and simple terms, an action or set of actions. Generally accepted to be true and universal, explains an entire group, and can be changed or improved without altering the overall truth.

A simple, true, universal, and absolute statement based on repeated experimental observations that governs a single action. It is an educated guess based on observation and can be supported or proven false by experimentation.

An example of a scientific law that describes the force of gravity as a universal force of attraction between objects.

Addresses theoretical boundaries and levels to advance nursing science, including the development of nursing theories and their impact on nursing practice and research.

An approach where research precedes theory development, focusing on gathering data and evidence before formulating theoretical explanations.

A set of statements that tentatively describe, explain, or predict relationships among concepts systematically selected and organized as an abstract representation of some phenomenon

Set of statements describing relationships among concepts

Type of concept specific to time or place

Defines how concepts are used within a phenomenon