the series of events that take place in a cell to duplication of DNA and division of cytoplasm and organelles.

Growth – Checks – Division

- Cell Growth - Nutrient Accumulation - DNA Replication - Transition – Translation - Checks Quality control DNA

- Cellular Content Duplication Except: Chromosomes - Growth - mRNA Synthesis - Translation Protein Synthesis - Checkpoint

-DNA Replication (Chromosomes Duplication)

- Cell Grows - Prepares itself for Mitosis - Checks - Checkpoint

Chromatin Condenses into Chromosomes

Chromosomes line up along metaphase Plate

Chromosomes break a centromere Sister Chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell Checkpoint

Nuclear membrane reforms nucleoli reappear Chromosomes Unwind Into chromatin

Cell divide completely CHECKPOINT

Prevents mutant cells from replicating and causing cancer Detect DNA damage Repair cells or go to apoptosis(cell suicide)

for growth prepares for s phase

- for growth prepares for m phase - mismatch repair

- prevents progression

- a positive feedback loop

- prepares for anaphase

- type of cell that produces gametes (sperm cells and and egg cells) - begin with diploid cell

-has two haploid cell

-chromatin contains two uncoiled spread-out sets of chromosomes - condenses into chromosomes

- pairing of homologous chromosomes

- 4 sister chromatids paired homologous chromosomes

- inherited from parents and different versions of the same gene on each chromosome

- chromatids from each homologous chromosome exchange segments of alleles

- Homologous chromosomes line up along the equator

- spindle fiber separates homologous chromosomes in each tetrad

-one chromosome in each homologous pair at separate poles consists sister chromatids no longer identical

- four haploid gametes

- Nuclear membrane disappears

- line up along the equator

Sister chromatids separate

- spindle fiber disappears

- fuel to do an activity - big and heavy molecule - energy carrier of cells - chemical compound used to store and release energy

- chemical breakdown due to reaction in water

- energy comes from earning nutrients - has enormous amount of energy - hampered or slow in delivering energy

- energy comes from chemical reaction - capable of regenerating ATP at high rates - limited amount of ATP can be released

- not ideal for moderate to higher intensity - process is slow in giving energy - more efficient in creating ATP

- twice faster in burning ATP - provides a quarter of ATP - synthesize ATP more faster

-muscle can synthesis enough using fat

- will switch energy from fat to glucose/glycogen

1. ATP is broken down into ADP by an enzyme called ATPase. ATP molecule removes a phosphate to release energy 2. It will result into ADP molecule leaving 2 phosphate group. 3. ATP is rebuild from ADP by an enzyme called ATPSynthase. ADP adds phosphate to store energy results in ATP molecule.

net release of free energy and is spontaneous  Gives off energy  More free energy in the reactant than the product  ¬-ΔG

 Absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous  +ΔG  Requires energy in order to proceed