is the most common mode of respiratory care.

maintain adequate tissue oxygenation while minimizing cardiopulmonary work.

- O2 therapy corrects hypoxemia by increasing alveolar and blood levels of O2. - is the most tangible objective of O2 therapy and the easiest to measure and document.

- O2 therapy can help relieve the symptoms associated with certain lung disorders, including dyspnea. - O2 therapy also may improve mental function among patients with chronic hypoxemia.

The cardiopulmonary system compensates for hypoxemia by increasing

supplemental O2 can decrease demands on both the heart and the lungs.

can maintain acceptable tissue oxygenation only by increasing cardiac output or, if the hypoxemia is chronic, by increasing the red blood cell mass.

this increased workload over the long term can lead to right ventricular failure (cor pulmonale).

less than 55 – 60 mm Hg

- The condition formerly known as oxygen toxicity.

- defined as PaO2 greater than 300 mm Hg.

appear on chest x-rays and usually are most prominent in the lower lung fields.

- free radicals can overwhelm the body’s normal antioxidant system and cause cell damage.

- is associated with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infants.

Decreases in ventilation of nearly 20% have been observed in these patients with accompanying elevations in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) of 20 to 23 mm Hg.

- also called retrolental fibroplasia.

- often involves the administration of supplemental O2 and greatly increases fire risk.

- the most commonly used oxygen delivery device.

- are almost exclusively used for limited, short-term O2 administration during specialized procedures such as a bronchoscopy.

transtracheal O2 catheter is a thin polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) catheter inserted into the trachea between the second and third tracheal rings.

- incorporate a mechanism for gathering and storing O2 between patient breaths. - Patients draw on this reserve supply whenever inspiratory flow exceeds O2 flow into the device.

are designed to conserve O2 and are an alternative to the pulse-dose or demand-flow O2 systems.

- helps overcome esthetic concerns by hiding the reservoir under the patient’s clothing on the anterior chest wall.

are the most commonly used reservoir systems.

a disposable plastic unit designed to cover both the mouth and the nose.

- has no valves - During inspiration, source O2 flows into the mask and passes directly to the patient. - During exhalation, source O2 enters the bag.

- Commonly used than a partial rebreathing mask, prevents rebreathing with one-way valves.

- use air-entrainment or gas blending, and supply a given O2 concentration at a flow equaling or exceeding the patient’s peak inspiratory flow.

- direct a high-pressure O2 source through a small nozzle or jet surrounded by air-entrainment ports.

History)The use of an O2 mask with controlled FiO2 by means of air entrainment was first reported in 1941 by Barach and Eckman.

is achieved through production of aerosol at the nebulizer jet.

is provided by an optional heating element.

- popular for pediatric and neonatal patients with disorders including bronchiolitis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

- allows precise control over both FiO2 and total flow output.

- When gases are mixed manually, separate air and O2 flowmeters must be adjusted for the desired FiO2 and flow.

Rather than manually mixing air and O2, the RT more often uses an O2 blender.

- is among the oldest approaches to O2 therapy.

- use a self-inflating bag and nonrebreathing valve features to provide up to 100% O2 - are often used in emergency life support

Patient in semi-Fowler's position with head of the bed raised 45 degrees

Patient supine with the bed flat

Patient one-quarter turn from prone with the right side up, supported by pillows, and with head of the bed flat

Patient one-quarter turn from prone with the left side up, supported by pillows, and with head of the bed elevated 30 degrees

Patient one-quarter turn from supine with right side up and foot of the bed elevated 12 in.

Patient one-quarter turn from supine with left side up and foot of the bed elevated 12 in.

: Patient prone with head of the bed flat and pillow under the abdominal area

Patient supine, with foot of the bed elevated 20 in