is an aqueous or alcohol solution of a single basic dye

Used to distinguish different kinds of bacteria

GRAM Staining- classify Into two:

bacteria retain the crystal violet stain and appear purple.

bacteria do not retain the crystal violet stain and they remain colorless until counterstained with safranin and then appear pink.

– increase the affinity of a stain for a biological specimen

Used to identify Mycobacterium species and some species of Nocardia.

, once stained with carbolfuchsin and treated with acid-alcohol, remain pink or red because they retain the carbolfuchsin stain.

, when stained and treated the same way and then stained with methylene blue, appear blue because they lose the carbolfuchsin stain and are then able to accept the methylene blue stain.

Gram stain was developed in _____ by the Danish bacteriologist _______________

, the causative agent of tuberculosis

, the causative agent of leprosy.

Staining by carbolfuchsin is further enhanced by _______ (acting as a mordant);

– for Acid-Fast Bacteria

The phenolic compound ________ is used as the primary stain because it is lipid soluble and penetrates the waxy cell wall.

procedure is often referred to as cold carbol fuchsin because NO HEAT

• Used to color and isolate various structures, such as capsules, endospores, and flagella; sometimes used as a diagnostic aid.

Used to demonstrate the presence of capsules.

Used to detect the presence of ______ in bacteria.

To visualize H. pylori

Stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides

Uses negative staining technique

Cocci arranged in three patterns:

– Facilitate passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell.

– primary mechanism of gram-positive cells

– primary mechanism in most gram-negative cells

– colonizing factor adhesins, pertussis toxin, and hemagglutinins

– make it easier for pathogens to colonize

• Protect against phagocytosis

Attachment and adherence

• Motility

• Resistance to heat and chemicals • Keratin like coat prevents dehydration and water loss

Genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins

All bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan except -----

– Facilitate passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell.

In the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria → ___ allow the entry of essential substances such as sugars, amino acids, vitamins, and metals as well as many antimicrobial drugs such as Penicillins.

Sugar backbone

Peptide backbone

6 Types of Flagella

are microscopic hair-like structures involved in the locomotion of a cell; an organelle of bacterial motility

Absent flagella, an example is __________

Single flagella, an example is

Tufts of flagella present at one side

One flagellum is present on each end

Numerous flagella are present all over the bacterial body

several flagella are present at both ends.

spread through subcutaneous tissue

accelerates formation of a fibrin clot coating the organisms with a layer of fibrin

• cleaves IgA → allows adherence to mucous membranes

seen in SHiN organisms –.

• Protein that destroys both neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages

protect against phagocytosis

anti-capsular antibodies allow more effective phagocytosis to occur (_____)

______ of _____ binds to Fc region of IgG → prevents opsonization and phagocytosis

Produced inside gram positive bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism. They are secreted or released following lysis into the surrounding medium. polypeptides secreted by certain bacteria that alter specific cell functions resulting in the symptoms of disease.

• Part of the outer portion of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria • They are liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart

located in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

is the toxic component of LPS

Main routes of entry of microbes:

Identify

with the ability to transmit their misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein. T