, once stained with carbolfuchsin and treated with acid-alcohol, remain pink or red because they retain the carbolfuchsin stain.

In the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria → ___ allow the entry of essential substances such as sugars, amino acids, vitamins, and metals as well as many antimicrobial drugs such as Penicillins.

– primary mechanism in most gram-negative cells

All bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan except -----

One flagellum is present on each end

anti-capsular antibodies allow more effective phagocytosis to occur (_____)

accelerates formation of a fibrin clot coating the organisms with a layer of fibrin

Staining by carbolfuchsin is further enhanced by _______ (acting as a mordant);

• Part of the outer portion of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria • They are liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart

Identify

Absent flagella, an example is __________

bacteria do not retain the crystal violet stain and they remain colorless until counterstained with safranin and then appear pink.

– for Acid-Fast Bacteria

Used to distinguish different kinds of bacteria

, when stained and treated the same way and then stained with methylene blue, appear blue because they lose the carbolfuchsin stain and are then able to accept the methylene blue stain.

• Used to color and isolate various structures, such as capsules, endospores, and flagella; sometimes used as a diagnostic aid.

– primary mechanism of gram-positive cells

is an aqueous or alcohol solution of a single basic dye

Used to demonstrate the presence of capsules.

Stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides

To visualize H. pylori

Sugar backbone

• cleaves IgA → allows adherence to mucous membranes

Genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins

Attachment and adherence

______ of _____ binds to Fc region of IgG → prevents opsonization and phagocytosis

– increase the affinity of a stain for a biological specimen

• Protect against phagocytosis

bacteria retain the crystal violet stain and appear purple.

Tufts of flagella present at one side

Used to detect the presence of ______ in bacteria.

with the ability to transmit their misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein. T

procedure is often referred to as cold carbol fuchsin because NO HEAT

– Facilitate passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell.

Peptide backbone

Gram stain was developed in _____ by the Danish bacteriologist _______________

, the causative agent of tuberculosis

The phenolic compound ________ is used as the primary stain because it is lipid soluble and penetrates the waxy cell wall.

– make it easier for pathogens to colonize

6 Types of Flagella

Produced inside gram positive bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism. They are secreted or released following lysis into the surrounding medium. polypeptides secreted by certain bacteria that alter specific cell functions resulting in the symptoms of disease.

several flagella are present at both ends.

Cocci arranged in three patterns:

Uses negative staining technique

Main routes of entry of microbes:

spread through subcutaneous tissue

– colonizing factor adhesins, pertussis toxin, and hemagglutinins

– Facilitate passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell.

is the toxic component of LPS

• Resistance to heat and chemicals • Keratin like coat prevents dehydration and water loss

protect against phagocytosis

Single flagella, an example is

GRAM Staining- classify Into two:

, the causative agent of leprosy.

Numerous flagella are present all over the bacterial body

Used to identify Mycobacterium species and some species of Nocardia.

seen in SHiN organisms –.

are microscopic hair-like structures involved in the locomotion of a cell; an organelle of bacterial motility

• Protein that destroys both neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages

located in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

• Motility