In-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting.

• immediate experience of an individual. • examine human experience through descriptions provided by the people involved.

In-depth examinations of people or groups of people. Researcher must be interested in the meaning of experiences to the subjects themselves.

Type of analysis in Case Studies.

Approaches used in the field or real-life settings.

observing behaviours as they occur spontaneously in natural settings

researcher becomes part of the group being studied

Two techniques in Field Studies

Descriptive research method in which already existing records are reexamined for a new purpose.

collection of information from a sample of individuals through their response to questions.

• 6-10 interviewees in each group • involves open-ended questions

Systematic method of investigation that focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data

collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to questions

• relationships between two variables • degree and direction of relationship between two traits, behaviour or events

• data point that does not fit the general trend of your data but would appear to be wayward value • not what you would expect compared to the rest of your data points

uses regression equation to predict scores on one variable from sources on-a second correlated variable

• measure the same pair of variables at two different points in time • looks at patterns of correlations across time for possible direction of cause and effects

measure the behaviour of the same subjects at different points in time and look to see how things have changed

subjects who are already at different stages are compared at a single point in time

• seem like a real experiment, but lack one or more of its essential elements such as manipulation of antecedents or random assignment to treatment conditions

• researcher systematically examines the effects of subjects characteristics but without manipulating them • after the fact

researcher chooses existing groups that appear similar, but where only one of the groups experiences the treatment

research design in which the same assessment measure are given to participants both before and after they have received a treatment or been exposed to a condition

Should contain sufficient information to distinguish the report from others dealing with similar problems.

How many words in the title?

• short but comprehensive summary of the research report. • should introduce the problem, methods, results and implications (PMRI)

How many words in abstract?

• mini review of the studies of previous similar researches • clarifies why the particular problem presented is being studied

Two methods?

• state and define the method • justify your choice of method

• How many ____? • Age, sex, gender • How were they recruited?

Types of Sampling Techniques

Types of Probability Sampling

Types of Non Probability Sampling

• used to filtwr individuals from a population and create samples • participants are chosen randomly

• target population is considerably large • e.g. fishbowl

large population is divided into groups (strata), members of a sample are chosen randomly from these strata

main segment is divided into clusters, usually using geographic and demographic segmentation parameters

elements chosen using a fixed interval, which is calculated by dividing the population size by the target sample size

researcher's knowledge and experience are used to create samples

elements of a sample are chosen only due to their proximity to the researcher

samples are created base on the researcher's experience and skill

• select elements using their knowledge of target traits and personalities to form strata • get to the limit

• target audience difficult to contact and get information • e.g. rape victims

Measures includes ____, ____, and ____.

precise description of the process in data gathering

• present all data obtained from the experiment and summarize these as clearly as possible • figures should be labeled as "figures" ("Fig.")

• author describes, analyzes, and interprets their findings • explain the significance of those results and tie everything back to the research question

summarizes the general findings of the experiment in relation to its purpose

all the sources that you used to write your research paper

in this section, include anything that is necessary to further understand the report