A factor that leads to human error that includes environmental factor (ex. Noise, distractions, etc.), internal factors (personal problems) and situational factors (instructions not clear, risk level is too high, etc.).

A component of SHELL Model that includes the non-physical, intangible aspect of aviation which regulate the operational structure and how system information is organized, presented, and transferred to the people operating within the system.

A component of SHELL Model that includes the physical elements of the aviation operational system such as aircraft (including controls, surfaces, display, functional system and seating), operator equipment, tools, materials, building, vehicles, computer, conveyor belts, etc.

An interaction that occurs between the human operator, and the internal & external environments. It involves adapting the environment to match the human requirements.

Humans have limitations such as working memory capacity, time, and retrieval considerations. These limitations can influence individuals to make false hypotheses degrading decision making.

A type of peer pressure that involves an individual being exposed to certain behaviors, trends, or choices of others. This is when someone is exposed to the action of one more peer and is left to choose whether they want to follow along.

A component of SHELL Model that includes the context in which aircraft and the aviation operational system resource’s function are made up of physical, organizational, economics, regulatory, political, and social variables that impact the worker/operator.

A human factor program that carefully analyzes all the actions that must be performed to complete a job efficiently and safely.

The environment component that related to the immediate work area and includes physical factors such as cabin/cockpit temperature, air pressure, humidity, noise, vibration and ambient light levels.

A human factor program that focuses on the criteria necessary to complete a job such as tools, equipment, materials, technical manuals, the number and qualification of the staff, the amount of the time allocated, and the level of communication.

An error which occurs in the operator execution of routine, highly practiced task relating to procedure, training or proficiency, and results in an unsafe situation

An error that occurs when doing the task in the wrong order of execution (out of order)

Not enough tools, inappropriate equipment, and poor aircraft design for maintainability are under what element of the SHELL model?

These are biological requirements for human survival (air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex and sleep). What hierarchy of needs do these belong to?

It is a direct influence on people by peers who get encouraged to follow their peers by changing their habits, values, and behavior.

It is activated when examining the role of sensory stores. It has a duration of up to 2 seconds (depending on the sense) and is used as a buffer.

Knowledge and understanding, curiosity, exploration, need for meaning and predictability belong to what hierarchy of needs?

A motivational theory in psychology comprising a five tier model of human needs.

An error that occurs when doing the task incorrectly or doing the wrong thing.

An interaction between the human operator and the machine. It involves comparing and matching the physical features of the aircraft, cockpit, or equipment with the anthropological needs of the users. Also involves considering the different task to be performed during normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures.

The environment component that includes the physical environment outside the immediate work area such as weather, terrain, and congested airspace. It also includes physical infrastructure including airports, as well as the organizational, economic, regulatory, political and social elements.

An interaction between the human operator and any person in the aviation system during the performance of associated tasks. It encompasses the interrelationship amongst the individuals within and between the different operator groups.

SHELL model in human factors stand for

It refers to our store of general and factual knowledge about concepts, rules and one’s own language. It is information that is now tied to where and when the knowledge was originally acquired.

They are the people who you socialize with, or someone who is like someone else often shares similar histories, ages, abilities, and characteristics.

It is considered to be the storage and retention of information, experience and knowledge, as well as ability to retrieve information.

An error that occurs when an operator sensory input is degraded and a decision is made based upon faulty information (misjudges the distance, depth, speed, spatial disorientation, and visual illusions).

An unintentional violation caused by knowledge and skill deficiencies

In the design of any workplace and most equipment, a vital role is played by body measurements and movements which vary according to age and gender groups.

Maslow classified this into two categories – the high regard for oneself (e.g., dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) and the desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g., status, prestige). What hierarchy of needs foes this belong to?

A type of peer pressure that is less invasive. No one is singling you out, but the environment you are in may influence you to do something.

An error that occurs when doing the task too slow, too fast, or too late.

It appears to be unlimited. It is used to store information that is now currently being used including knowledge of the physical world and objects within it, personal experiences, belief about people, social norms, motor programmers, problem solving skills, and plans for achieving various activities.

An interaction between the human operator and the non-physical supporting systems that exist within the workplace. They involve designing software to match the interaction of the human users, ensuring that the software is capable of being implemented and addressing the human system behaviors.

A person can be motivated by values that go beyond the personal self (mystical experiences and certain experiences with nature, aesthetic experiences, sexual experiences, service to others, and the pursuit of science and religious faith). What hierarchy of needs do these belong to?

It refers to memory of specific events as our past experiences including people, events and objects. It is heavily influenced by a person’s expectations of what should’ve happened.

Relationships with other people, shortage of manpower, lack of supervision and lack of support from the managers are under what element of the SHELL model?

Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences – a desire to become everything one is capable of becoming belongs to what hierarchy of needs?

A group of people with one or more shared interest or characteristics

A violation which involves breaking the rules for kicks. These are often quite unrelated to the actual task where the person just used opportunity to satisfy a personal need.

A human factor program that focuses on the area in which they work. It includes a physical workplace on the ramp, in the hangar, or in the shop, and the organization that exist within the company.

A violation which is typified by particular task or operating circumstances that makes the violation inevitable, or violations which are isolated departure from authority that are neither typical of the individual nor condoned by management.

After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, humans need interpersonal relationships that motivate behaviors including friendship, intimacy, trust, acceptance, and receiving & giving affection. What hierarchy of needs do theses belong to?

A component of the SHELL Model consists of the people operating in the aviation system. This includes the flight crews, cabin personnel, ground crew, scheduler, dispatche, maintenance workers, management, and administration personnel. It also considers the user’s cognitive and physical performance, capabilities and limitations.

Human senses that are responsible for collecting vital task and environmental-related information are subject to limitations and degradation.

Aviation maintenance human factors programs that focus on the people who perform the work, or who perform the job and address physical, physiological, psychological and psychosocial factors.

A type of fatigue that is induced by the cumulative effects of fatigue over the longer term. a. Mental fatigue

Appreciation and search for beauty, balance, and form belong to what hierarchy of needs?

Human require food, water, and oxygen to function efficiently. Any deficits can affect cognitive function, physical performance, and emotional well-being.

The error classification that is controlled by subconscious behaviors, stored pattern of behavior,. And error of execution.

Are deliberate actions which may need correction through disciplinary procedures when somebody did something knowing it to be against the rules or deliberately failing to follow proper procedures.

It receives a proportion of the information into sensory stores and allows us to store information long enough to use it. It can store only a relatively amount of information at one time.

A type of peer pressure that is very specific to a behavior-based conformity. This is when a person uses verbal or non-verbal cues to persuade someone to do something.

A type of peer pressure that involves one individual or group asking another individual to participate in some type of behavior. This is when someone verbally influences another person to do something.

A factor that leads to human error in detecting a hazard but not correcting it, removing safeguards, and ignoring safety rules.

A type of peer pressure that can challenge individuals to do something they may not usually do and engage in such behaviors because others are doing it – so it’s a way to belong.

An error that occurs when forgetting to do something, ignoring to do it deliberately or not doing required thing.

An error that occurs when the behavior or action of the operator proceeds as intended, yet the chosen plan proves inadequate to achieve the desired end state and results in an unsafe situation or inaccurate/incomplete knowledge of the problem.

A type of peer pressure that is felt in one-on-one situations or group that yields positive results and healthier lifestyle choices. This is when a person is influenced by other to engage in beneficial or productive behavior.

It is the most hazardous and known to have significant effects upon performance and have no place within the aviation maintenance environment.

A violation which has become the normal way of doing something within the person’s work group, or habitual actions on the part of the operator that is tolerated by the governing authority.

A factor that leads to human error in performing task without the requisite training and misjudging risks.

A type of fatigue that is induced by long duty periods or by a series of particularly demanding tasks performed in a short period.

In order for people to function effectively, the environment must be maintained within an optimal window, and therefore their performance and well-being is affected by physical environment factors such temperature, vibration, and noise.

An action that matches intentions but does not achieve their intended outcome due to incorrect application of a rule or inadequacy of the plan.

A type of fatigue that is result of emotional stress even with sufficient physical rest, like the disturbance of body rhythms

Uncomfortable workplace, inadequate hangar space, extreme temperatures, excessive noise and poor lighting are under what element of the SHELL model?

The error classification that is applied to familiar situations – stored rules are applied and errors involve recognizing the salient features of the situation.

A violation that occurs due to the particular factors that exist at the time such as time pressure, high workload, unworkable procedures, inadequate tooling, and poor working conditions-where in order to get the job done, the engineer considers that a procedure cannot be followed.

An accident causation model that explains how hazard can pass through multiple layers of defense in a system to cause accidents.

An action which is intended but does not achieve the intended outcome due to knowledge deficits.

Misinterpretation of procedure, badly written manuals, poorly designed checklist, untested or difficult to use computer software are under what element of SHELL Model?

After perceiving and processing information, the output involves making decision, taking actions, and verification through a feedback loop to ensure proper action was taken.

Protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, and freedom from fear belong to what hierarchy of needs?

The error classification occurs in unique and unfamiliar situations, and the error results from inadequate analysis or decision making.

An accident is caused not by a single event but a sequence of event that build upon each other result in an accident or incident wherein breaking any link prevent the accident.

An airliner full of passengers is about to depart. The pilot notices are flashing red warning light in the instrument panel. Maintenance is called and directed to correct the problem immediately, or it will cost airline thousands of dollars. The supervisor tells the technician to "extinguish the light, whatever it takes, and now", thisThis is an example of what factor of the "dirty dozen"?

A technician working on an aircraft interior repairs is approached by her supervisor and confronted with a mistake she made on the seat cover. The technician explains the lighting at her station is in adequate to perform the work. The supervisor gladly submit a request to install additional lighting fixtures. Which human factors environment does the supervisor primarily represent?

An aircraft maintenance technician receives a job card to replace an inspected panel on the engine pylon. The work requires climbing a ladder to access a panel. The aircraft is parked outside, and it is in the rain. Using the PEAR model, which category best fits the fact that this work must be done in the rain?