are integrated elements that gather, process, save, and disseminate information to support an organization's decision-making and management. With that said, these are universal. Be it desktop computers, laptops, or smartphones, information systems are all around us, whether visible or not.

Information systems

Which is NOT an example of Traditional Technology?

E-learning systems to complete and submit assignments online, such as the eLMS portal; and

Which is NOT an example of Advanced Applications

Shipping companies like FedEx and UPS use information systems to dispatch trucks and track packages.

It is the physical component of an information system –tangible parts to users. Computer, keyboard, system unit, and mouse are all examples

Hardware

It includes a set of commands that instruct the hardware what to do. It is intangible compared to hardware. Programmers design it by coding a series of commands instructing the hardware what to do.

Software

Two main categories of software are ________ and ,_______

operating systems and application software.

is the outcome of acquired scientific knowledge, skills, procedures, and processes for applied purposes. It has become an integral part of our daily life from the creation of the wheel to the use of electricity.

Technology

It is a collection of indisputable raw facts. Home addresses, phone numbers, and social networking accounts are examples of pieces of data. Companies collect all kinds of data and use it to make decisions which can then be examined for effectiveness. The analysis of data is then used to improve the company’s performance.

Data

Information systems can exist without the capability to communicate. Although in today’s interconnected world, it is rare for a computer not to connect to another device or to a network. The People and Process components of information systems fall under this category.

Networking Communication

It is easy to focus on the technology components alone, but focusingon the people involved in information systems is essential. From the front-line user support staff to systems analysts to developers, the people engaged in information systems are an indispensable element.

People

It is a series of steps taken to accomplish the desired goal. Information systems are becoming more integrated with organizational processesthat bring greater productivity and better control. Nonetheless, simply automating activities using technology is not enough; companies wishing to gain an advantage over their competitors should focus highly on this aspect of their information syste

Process

In 1959, he said that information and information systems would become increasingly important, which led him to coin the term “knowledge worker.” Knowledge workers are the professionals who make and modify knowledge as a fundamental part of their jobs.

Peter Drucker

During the early years, information systems were centralized and concerned solely with governance and the needs of management. Most information systems and their reports were under the control of accounting departments. Technology at the time included third-generation mainframe computers such as the IBM 360 and minicomputers. Languages used include Assembler, Fortran, COBOL, and Database. Ethernet networks were developed during this time.

First Era (The mid-1960s to Mid-1970s): Mainframe and Minicomputer

While information systems were still concerned with governance and the needs of management, more departments were beginning to benefit from the technology. In many companies, steering committees and user-led initiatives determine the scope of additional information systems projects Technology included the first personal computers (PCs) and mid-range computers.

Second Era (The mid-1970s to Mid-1980s): Personal Computer

In this era, concentrated information systems started to spread, and information became deconcentrated. Technological difficulties and costs decreased, and an enterprise's need to share information grew. During this era, a new position arose in many companies to oversee the procurement and management of multiple information systems: the Chief Information Officer or CIO. Technology during this era included internetworking and the emergence of the Internet.

Third Era (The mid-1980s to Late 1990s): Client/Server

During this era, information systems are still tied to governance and management, although the systems are widely distributed to every employee who needs them across multiple platforms. This era combined all aspects of the business enterprise, offering rich information access surrounding the complete management structure.Technology now includes social media, search engines, and various computing through a variety of platforms, including laptops and smartphones.

Fourth Era (the Late 1990s to today): Enterprise

This era uses networking technology that delivers applications and data storage independent of the configuration or location of the hardware. Along with high-speed smartphones and Wi-Fi networks, this era has led to new levels of flexibility, such as cloud computing, in which managers may access information systems anywhere with a laptop, tablet, or smartphone. Rising global competitiveness has forced companies to find better and more cost-effective ways. The solution for companies continues to be to use information systems to accomplish tasks better, faster, and cheaper.

Fifth Era (Moving Forward): Cloud Computing

These handle the day-to-day business data at the operational level of the organization. It systematically processes customer transactions to generate a considerable amount of data. These will be used to learn about customers and their preferences as well as the ever-changing product trends. This is commonly applied in grocery store checkout cash registers that connect to a network. For example, the Amazon website processes thousands of transactions worldwide every hour. The collected large amount of data is then sent into data warehouseswhich will be analyzed to provide purchase suggestions to future customers.

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

These produce detailed and specified information to help manage a company. It is used when TPS data are sorted and organized to support a broad range of managerial decisions. It is used primarily for inventory management and planning systems. It retrieves TPS information, collects it, and generates a report for the management level to have relevant insights on a situation. Summaries and comparisons allow senior managers to optimize the decision-making process to achieve better results.

Management Information Systems (MIS)

These support a wide range of predefined day-to-day work activities of individuals and businesses. Such systems include word processors (Microsoft Word), spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel), presentation software (Microsoft PowerPoint), collaboration systems for email (Microsoft Outlook), automated calendaring, and thread discussions. These enable workers to accomplish tasks accordingly and allow close collaboration with others, regardless of location.

Office Automation Systems (OAS)

These help organizations to effectively capture, store, and retrieve organizational knowledge to help enhance learning and optimize collaboration efforts to complete tasks. Examples of documents retrieved in this include employee training materials, company policies, and procedures. These are used by the people involved within an organization to ensure that technical abilities are integrated throughout the company with visuals to help employees make sense of the data.

Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)

These analyze data and support decision-making. These are utilized by managerial-level employees to resolve problems such as sales forecasting and resource optimization, as well as to support decisions at all levels such as loan and investment analysis.These are designed to be interactive decision aid that applies models to manipulate data. For example, for historical sales data, various model types are used to create a forecast of future sales. To effectively use this, one technique is to take an average of past sales and adjust it for seasonal changes.

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

These represent a new application model in information systems. These represent a niche application model for companies and business systems needing mobile information broadcasting and simple applications.

Mobile Applications

One of the leading technologies in Intelligent Systems is Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI is a science of allowing information technologies to simulate human intelligence, such as reasoning and learning, and gaining sensing capabilities, such as seeing, hearing, or feeling human experiences.

Intelligent Systems

These are used to enter data into a device such as a computer, laptop, or smartphone. Some of the widely used input devices include various types of keyboards or pointing devices like trackpads, graphics tablets, and a mouse.

Input Technologies

These are used to convert printed or handwritten text and images into digital data on a computer. These range from small handheld devices to desktop boxes that resemble personal photocopy machines. But rather than duplicating a copy using a photocopy machine, the scanner translates the image into digital data that can be stored and manipulated on the computer

Scanners

These are used for various applications, including verification, building access, or making payments. These usually contain a microprocessor Mlchip, memory circuits, or a magnetic stripe to work. Some of it allow contactless data transmission using RFID technology and Near-Field Communication (NFC), which is used in mobile phones to enable contactless data transmission

Smart Cards

These are primarily used for identification and verification purposes. It can read certain body features, including irises, fingerprints, and hand or face measures. These are now also integrated into consumer products such as laptops, computer keyboards, or mobile devices, allowing users to access the device by scanning fingerprints or facial features rather than using login credentia

Biometric Devices

Voice data is entered into a computer system using microphones.Speech recognition makes it possible for computers and smartphones to understand speech and vocabulary. Speech recognition technology can be helpful for users with a disability, medical professionals,airplane pilots, factory workers whose hands get too dirty for keyboards, and mobile users who would prefer not to type while walking or driving

Voice Input

Examples Such as computer monitors or printers, deliver information in a usable format and act on the processed input data.

Output technologies

These output devices produce a copy of alphanumeric data or documents from a computer. Printers vary inprice, performance, and capabilities, such as document size, colored or black and white, resolution, and quality. Most used personal printers include Inkjet, LED, and laser technology

Printers

These are used to display information from a computer which can vary depending on the price, performance, and capabilities. Monitors can be in color, black and white, or monochrome. Most use liquid crystal display (LCD) technology as they are lighter and thinner than cathode ray tubes (CRT) used in old computer displays and televisions

Monitors

This application software lets users convey verbal and written information and send files, documents, or other content such as fax, email, voice mail, and blogs.

Electronic Communication Tools

is an email application that secures email, calendar, and files connected in one application.

Microsoft Outlook

a private and fun messaging and calling application that can connect people worldwide

Viber

a free voice, video, and messaging application used to talk and hang out with their communities, such as gaming.

Discord

These tools allow information sharing and engaging user interactions, such as internet forums and video conferencing.

Electronic Conferencing Tools

allow users to call with up to 1000 members, with the ability to share screens and record calls.

Microsoft Teams

used for audio and video conferencing, webinars, meeting recordings, and livestreams.

Zoom

the business-oriented version of Google's Hangouts platform is suitable for businesses of all sizes.

Google Meet

These are tools that facilitate virtual or co-located meetings and manage group activities.

Collaboration Management Tools

allows users to create joint proposals and reports and keep track of meeting notes using a web browser

Google Docs

a free version of Office 365 as a web application that includes MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, etc., all accessible via a web browser.

Microsoft Office Online

a simple sharing and collaboration application that centers on teamwork with dynamic and productive team sites for every project team and department.

Microsoft SharePoint