Developed during the 1940s by Konrad Zuse, It was the first high-level computer programming language ever developed. This language included mathematical expressions, showing the current relationships between program variables and the ability to store codes that enabled engineers to carry out routine, repetitive tasks more efficiently and quickly.

Plankalkül

Developed in 1949 by Kathleen Booth, It was a low-level programming language developed to simplify machine code for writing instructions for processors.

Assembly Language

Implemented by William Schmitt in 1949, to improve the operations of the BINAC and UNIVAC computers.

Shortcode

Developed in 1952 by Alick Glennie, It was developed for the Mark 1 computer at the University of Manchester. It was considered the first compiled programming language that could be translated into machine code using a special application known as the compiler.

Autocode

Created in 1957 by John Backus, it was to shorten the process of programming and make computer programming more accessible. It is still used today in supercomputers and scientific and mathematical computations

Fortran

Created in 1958 by American and European computer scientists. It became the point of origin for other programming languages, including Pascal, Java, C, and C++.

ALGOL

Created in 1958 by John McCarthy, It was created for his artificial intelligence (AI) applications. It is one of the oldest computer programming languages still used today by AI companies like Boeing and Genworks.

LISP

Created in 1959 by Dr. Grace Murray Hopper for business computer programs in industries. It was estimated to be in use by over 100 million people and is still widely used in today’s banking systems.

COBOL

Created in 1964 by Dartmouth College students, It was created as a computer programming language for beginners. Bill Gates and Paul Allen furthered its development, and it became Microsoft’s first commercially successful product.

BASIC

Created in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth, it was named after the famed mathematician Blaise Pascal. Apple was one of the leading companies to endorse this due to its streamlined and straightforward process.

Pascal

Created in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie, It was named as such as it descended from the B language. It is recommended for creating embedded system drivers and applications. Programming languages like C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, and Python are all derived from this language.

Developed in 1972 by Raymond Boyce and Donald Chamberlain. It was first called SEQUEL and was used for modifying, viewing, and altering information in databases.

SQL

Developed in 1983 by Bjarne Stroustrup, a C programmer, modified the programming language and released it. The changes include new features such as templates, classes, and virtual functions

C++

Developed in 1983 by Brad Cox and Tom Love, This is the primary programming language used to create applications for Apple’s iOS, macOS, and iPad operating systems.

Objective-C

Developed in 1991 by Guido Van Rossum, He founded this as a support language for software developers, build control and management, testing, and many other ways. It is a general-purpose, high-level language.

Python

Developed in 1991 by Microsoft. It allows users to drag and drop sections of code simultaneously. Users can choose from various options in the drop-down menus and change different codes.

Visual Basic (VB)

Developed in 1995 by James Gosling for a software project for interactive TV. It is considered one of the world’s most famous and popular programming languages for coding web applications. It is a multi-platform, object-oriented, and network-centric language that can be used as a platform.

Java

Developed in 1995 by Brendan Eich, it is primarily used as a scripting language in websites. It is also used for web development, PDF documents, and desktop widgets

JavaScript

Developed in 1995 by Rasmus Lerdorf to build and maintain web pages and server-side development. Facebook, Wikipedia, and WordPress use this language.

PHP

Which statement is NOT TRUE about Scientific Applications?

Computer use in this domain began in the 1950s when special computers were developed along with special languages.

Which statement BEST DESCRIBES Business Applications?

The first successful high-level language for this domain was COBOL, the initial version from 1960

Which statement is NOT TRUE about Artificial intelligence?

The WWW (World Wide Web) is supported by a collection of languages, ranging from HTML (not a programming language) to Java (general-purpose programming language).

Which statement is NOT TRUE about Web Software?

Computer use in this domain began in the 1950s when special computers were developed along with special languages.

It is the collection of tools in software development. It may consist of only a file system, a text editor, a linker, and a compiler, or sometimes, it may include a large collection of integrated tools wherein each is accessed through a uniform user interface.

Programming Environments

It is a redefined and optimized code editor for building and debugging modern web and cloud applications. It is a lightweight yet powerful source code editor that runs on a desktop and is available for Windows, macOS, and Linux. It has built-in support for JavaScript, TypeScript, and Node.js and has a rich ecosystem of extensions for other languages and runtimes such as Java, Python, C++, C#, PHP, and .NET).

Microsoft Visual Studio Code

It is a free, open-source, integrated development environment (IDE) that allows the development of desktop, mobile, and web applications. It provides comprehensive support for JDK 7 technologies and the most recent Java enhancements. It also supports JavaScript, Ruby, and PHP. NetBeans and Visual Studio are more development environments as they are also frameworks. This means that they provide common parts of the code of the application.

NetBeans

It contains a text editor for coding, a message area, a text console, a toolbar for various functions, and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino board to upload programs and communicate with them.

Arduino IDE

It is a visual programming editor that uses drag-and-drop blocks for coding. It is made by Google and is currently empowering the most popular coding education programs worldwide. The user defines the block connections and input fields for Blockly to handle the complicated rendering, dragging, and connection of them.

Blockly

An important criterion for assessing programming language is the ease with which programs can be read and understood.

Readability

"The measure of this characteristic in a programming language strongly impacts its readability. For example, a larger number of basic constructs in a language is more difficult to learn than one with a smaller number." What characteristics that contribute to the readability of a programming language is being described?

Simplicity

"a scenario of more than one (1) way to accomplish a particular operation." Identify what problems in readability is in the given statement.

Feature Multiplicity

"a scenario wherein a single operator symbol has more than one (1) meaning. It can result in reduced readability if users create their overloading and do not do it sensibly." Identify what problems in readability is in the given statement.

Operator Overloading

"a scenario wherein the language is too simple to the point of lacking more complex statements and less obvious program structure." Identify what problems in readability is in the given statement.

Oversimplicity

It is the ability to change one thing without unseen effects on other things in the program.

Orthogonality

which statement is NOT TRUE about Orthogonality?

The presence of adequate facilities for defining data types and data structure offers a significant aid to readability.

"The presence of adequate facilities for defining these and data structure offers a significant aid to readability. For instance, it might not be easily understood if a numeric type is used for an indicator flag, such as in C language, because there is no Boolean type in the language." What characteristics that contribute to the readability of a programming language is being described?

Data Types

"Ths syntax or form of the elements has an impact on the readability of programs." What characteristics that contribute to the readability of a programming language is being described?

Syntax Design

"Some programming languages have used matching pairs of special words or symbols to form groups. These languages have diminished readability as statement groups are always terminated in the same way, making it difficult to determine which group is being ended when an end or a right brace appears ( } )." Identify what example of syntactic design choices that affect readability is being described

Special Words

"Designing statements to make their appearance partially specify their purpose, which helps readability. Semantics, or meaning, must follow directly from syntax or form." Identify what example of syntactic design choices that affect readability is being described

Form and Meaning

It is the measure of how easily a language can be used to create programs for a chosen problem domain. It is unfair to compare it in different languages of a particular application when one is designed for that application and one that was not.

Writability

A large number of different constructs in a language might confuse some programmers as they might not be familiar with them. This leads to the misuse and disuse of some features.

Simplicity and Orthogonality

Which statement is NOT TRUE about Simplicity and Orthogonality in Writability?

This refers to various characteristics.

It is in a language refers to various characteristics. It means that there are more effective operators that allow a computation to be accomplished with a very small program.

Expressivity

Which statement is NOT TRUE about Expressivity in Writability?

A large number of different constructs in a language might confuse some programmers as they might not be familiar with them. This leads to the misuse and disuse of some features.

It is met if a program performs to its specifications under all conditions.

Reliability

It tests for the type of errors in a program, either by the compiler or during program execution.

Type Checking

Which statement is NOT TRUE about Type Checking?

It is the ability of the program to intercept runtime errors and other unusual conditions detectable by the program, take corrective measures, and then continue.

It is the ability of the program to intercept runtime errors and other unusual conditions detectable by the program, take corrective measures, and then continue

Exception Handling

It happens when there are two (2) or more distinct names in a program that can be used to access the same memory cell. It is considered and accepted as a dangerous feature in a programming language.

Aliasing

A language that does not support natural ways to express the required algorithms in a program will use unnatural approaches that are likely to be incorrect for all possible situations. A program is more likely to be correct if it is easier to write. Additionally, a program that is difficult to read can also be difficult to write and modify.

Readability and Writability

Studying programming languages can be divided into examinations of ___________?

syntax and semantics

It is the form of its expressions, statements, and program units. It defines the meaning of the various combinations of symbols used in programming and describes which strings of characters comprise a valid program

Syntax

It is a program written in a high-level programming language

Source Code

This is the file containing the source code

Source File

These reserved words that have a special meaning in the language. They form the basic building blocks for writing programs. Examples include if, else, for, and while.

Keywords

These are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. Examples include arithmetic operators like + and -and logical operators like && and ||.

Operators

It includes symbols such as commas, semicolons, and braces that help structure the program. They indicate the end of statements or encapsulate blocks of code

Punctuation

These are names that identify user-defined items such as variables, functions, and arrays.

Identifiers

It is a natural notation for describing syntax.

BNF (Backus-Naur Form)

Which statement is NOT TRUE about BNF Notation?

it is a tree representation of the syntactic structure of the source code.

Who were the people that developed BNF Notation?

John Backus and Peter Naur

It is a language or set of terms used to describe another language.

Metalanguage

In BNF Notation, These are strings that must exactly match specific items in the input

Terminals

In BNF Notation, These are symbols that will be replaced by a concrete value.

Nonterminals

In BNF Notation, These are conventions of terminals and nonterminals that defined how the elements relate.

Rules

It can be created by combining terminals and nonterminals. These also called production rules

BNF rules

It is a set of BNF rules

BNF grammar

It is a tree representation of the syntactic structure of the source code.

Abstract Syntax Tree (AST),

Which statement is NOT TRUE about Abstract Syntax Tree?

It is the meaning of those expressions, statements, and program units that syntax forms.

Semantics

It involves rules checked simultaneously, such as type checking and scope resolution. These rules ensure that certain errors are caught before the program runs, enhancing reliability and robustness. For instance, if a variable is used without being declared, it will flag an error before execution.

Static semantics

Which statement is NOT TRUE about Static Semantics

It refers to the behavior of a program when it is run.

It refers to the behavior of a program when it is run. It includes the execution of expressions, control structures like loops and conditionals, and manipulating data through functions and procedures.

Dynamic semantics

Which statement is NOT TRUE about Dynamic semantics

It involves rules checked simultaneously, such as type checking and scope resolution.

It describes the behavior of a program in terms of abstract machine execution steps. For instance, it outlines how each expression or statement is evaluated step-by-step, making it ideal for simulating program execution.

Operational Semantics

It maps syntactic constructs to mathematical objects, offering an abstract, mathematical description of their meaning. This approach helps in reasoning about program correctness and equivalence. For example, a function in programming might be represented as a mathematical mapping between input and output values.

Denotational Semantics

It uses logical assertions, such as preconditions and postconditions, to specify and prove properties about a program. It is especially useful in verifying the correctness of algorithms.

Axiomatic Semantics