théorique 2

Nombre de questions : 10 • il y a 1 an(s)

Liste de questions

defined in the Constitution of the World Health Organization (1948) as: A state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. … is regarded by WHO as a fundamental human right. Correspondingly, all people should have access to basic resources for health. Within the context of health promotion, … has been considered as a resource that permits people to lead individually, socially and economically productive lives. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion identifies … is a resource for everyday life, not the object of living. It is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capabilities. In keeping with the concept of health as a fundamental human right, the Ottawa Charter emphasises certain pre-requisites for health, which include peace, adequate economic resources, food and shelter, education and social justice, and a stable ecosystem and sustainable resource use. Recognition of these pre-requisites highlights the inextricable links between social and economic conditions, the physical and social environment, individual health behaviours and skills and health. These links provide the key to a holistic understanding of health that is central to the definition of health promotion. A comprehensive understanding of … implies that all systems and structures that govern the determinants of health should take account of the implications of their activities in relation to their impact on individual and collective health and well-being. Increasingly, this includes concern for the health of the planet – referred to as planetary health.

Health

… is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health. … represents a comprehensive social and political process. It not only embraces actions directed at strengthening the skills and capabilities of individuals, but also action directed towards changing social, environmental and economic determinants of health so as to optimise their positive impact on public and personal health. … is the process of enabling people, individually and collectively, to increase control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health. The Ottawa Charter identifies three basic strategies for … .These are advocacy for health to create the essential conditions for health indicated above; enabling all people to achieve their full health potential; and mediating between the different interests in society in the pursuit of health. The Ottawa Charter identified five priority action areas: to build healthy public policy; create supportive environments for health; strengthen community action for health; develop personal skills; and re-orient health services. These action areas remain vitally important in health promotion, and the underlying concepts have continued to evolve. Some of these actions – such as re-orienting health services and community action for health – remain but are represented with updated definitions. Others remain in the main body of the glossary but have evolved into different terms. For example, the concept of healthy public policy remains independently valid, but is now included within the contemporary concept of health in all policies. Similarly, developing personal skills is incorporated into definitions of skills for health and health literacy

Health promotion

The range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors that determine the healthy life expectancy of individuals and populations. The conditions that influence health are multiple and interactive. Some … are not modifiable (for example age, place of birth and inherited (genetic) attributes). Health promotion is fundamentally concerned with action to address the full range of potentially modifiable … – not only those that are related to the actions of individuals, but also those factors that are largely outside of the control of individuals and groups. These include, for example, income and access to resources, education, employment and working conditions (often referred to as the social …), access to appropriate health services, and the environmental … . Health promotion addresses this broad range of determinants through a combination of strategies including the promotion of health in all policies,and creating supportive environments for health; and by strengthening personal health literacy and skills for health. Action to address the … is inextricably linked to health equity and is fundamentally concerned with the distribution of power and resources in populations.

Déterminants of health

… describes measures to reduce the occurrence of risk factors, prevent the occurrence of disease, to arrest its progress and reduce its consequences once established. The prevention of communicable and noncommunicable disease (NCD) has been core business for WHO since its establishment. Primary prevention is directed towards lowering the prevalence of risk factors common to a range of diseases (such as tobacco and alcohol use, obesity and high blood pressure) in order to prevent the initial occurrence of a disorder, for example through behaviour change advice. It may also include actions that inhibit environmental, economic and social conditions known to increase these risks. Secondary prevention is directed towards early detection of existing disease with a view to arresting or delaying the progression of the disease and its effects, for example through screening and other early detection programs such as routine health checks. Tertiary prevention generally refers to disease management strategies and/or rehabilitation intended to avoid or reduce the risk of deterioration or complications from established disease, for example through patient education and physical therapy.

Disease prevention

… is a positive state experienced by individuals and societies. Similar to health, it is a resource for daily life and is determined by social, economic and environmental conditions. … encompasses quality of life, as well as the ability of people and societies to contribute to the world in accordance with a sense of meaning and purpose. Focusing on … supports the tracking of the equitable distribution of resources, overall thriving, and sustainability. A society’s well-being can be observed by the extent to which they are resilient, build capacity for action, and are prepared to transcend challenges.

Well-being

Achieving health equity at a global level by addressing transnational health issues, determinants, and the interventions and formal structures that are beyond the control of national institutions. Issues in include the commercial determinants in health – health impacts and inequities caused by patterns of international trade and investment, specifically by the marketing of harmful products by transnational corporations; as well as the effects of global climate change; the vulnerability of refugee populations; and the transmission of diseases resulting from travel between countries – especially novel viruses, and other communicable diseases. These global threats require partnerships for priority setting, regulation and health promotion at both the national and international levels through established international institutions. Source: Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, et al. Towards a common definition of global health. Lancet. 2009; 373 (9679):1993–5. (https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)60332-9/fulltext, accessed 8 July 2021).

Global health

An organized activity of society to promote, protect, improve, and – when necessary – restore the health of individuals, specified groups, or the entire population. It is a combination of sciences, skills and values that function through collective societal activities and involve programmes, services and institutions aimed at protecting and improving the health of all people. … is a social and political concept aimed at the improving health, prolonging life and improving the quality of life among whole populations through health promotion, disease prevention and other forms of health intervention. The Ottawa Charter advocates significantly different approaches to the description and analysis of the determinants of health, and the methods of solving public health problems. These methods include the strategies and action areas in the Ottawa Charter. Source: Last JM. Dictionary of Public Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195160901.001.0001.

Public health

Social, economic or biological status, behaviours or environments which are associated with or cause increased susceptibility to a specific disease, ill health, or injury. The identification of behavioural, social and physical environmental risk factors is commonly used to explain variations in healthy life expectancy and health outcomes. Understanding the causes and consequences of these risk factors provides an entry point or focus for application of health promotion strategies and actions.

Risk factor

The … are the social, cultural, political, economic and environmental conditions in which people are born, grow up, live, work and age, and their access to power, decision-making, money and resources that give rise to these conditions of daily life. The … influence a person’s opportunity to be healthy, their risk of illness, health behaviours and healthy life expectancy. Health inequities result from the uneven distribution of these … . Approaches to address the … include specific socioeconomic and public policies addressing living conditions or access to power, money and resources; multisectoral collaboration across policy sectors, such as the Health in all policies approach, and improved health governance; community empowerment and participation for health; improved monitoring of health inequalities; and improved health social and environmental health workforce capacities to recognize important social determinants of health and local actions of redress. Sources: Social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.who.int/social_determinants/ sdh_definition/en/, accessed 8 July 2021). Social determinants. World health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2016 (http://www.euro.who.int/en/health- topics/health-determinants/social-determinants, accessed 8 July 2021). Promoting health: Guide to national implementation of the Shanghai Declaration. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 (https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/260172, accessed 8 July 2021).

Social determinants of health

… means that all people have access to the health services they need, at high quality, when and where they need them, without financial hardship across the life course. It includes the full range of essential health services, from health promotion to prevention, treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care. To make health for all a reality, individuals and communities not only need access to the pre-requisites for health identified in the Ottawa Charter, but also high quality health services. … enables people to take care of their own health and the health of their families; skilled health workers to provide quality, people-centred care; and policy-makers who are committed to investing in … . Universal health coverage should be based on strong, people-centred primary health care. Good health systems are rooted in the communities they serve. They focus not only on preventing and treating disease and illness, but also on helping to improve well- being and quality of life.

Universal health coverage

théorique 1 - codes

Caroline · Nombre de questions : 20 · il y a 1 an(s)

théorique 1 - codes